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Type 2 Diabetes - Coggle Diagram
Type 2 Diabetes
Clinical Manifestations
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Excessive thirst
Excessive urination and excretion of electrolytes causes dehydration. The feeling of thirst is the body's way of compensating for constant low fluid volume and electrolytes
Fatigue
Glucose in the blood is not able to enter the cells due to defective insulin. This lack of cellular energy makes diabetics feel fatigued.
Poor wound healing
Hyperglycemia causes blood vessels to stiffen and the body's circulation begins to slow down and reduce in tissue oxygenation.
Increased urination
This is caused by extra glucose being excreted by the kidneys, which brings other fluids and electrolytes with it.
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Diagnostics
Glycated hemoglobin test
Tests for average blood sugar level in the past three months, a score above 6.5% indicates diabetes.
Glucose tolerance test
This test involves fasting overnight and then getting your blood glucose levels tested after drinking a liquid that contains glucose. Test results of 200 mg/dL or higher indicates diabetes.
Random blood sugar test
This test can be taken anytime without fasting, measures the amount of glucose circulating in one's blood. 200 mg/dL indicates diabetes.
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Pathogenesis
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Hyperinsulimia
Insulin resistance, which happens due to hyperinsulinemia by the pancreas.
Insulin resistance
There are many reasons why cells become insulin resistant such as decreased physical activity, pancreatic beta cells wear out due to resistance, and pancreas is unable to produce enough insulin to keep up with the high glucose levels.
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Treatments
Blood sugar monitoring
Regular sugar monitoring is important because it allows those with diabetes to be aware of their high or low blood sugar and determines if they need to administer insulin.
Insulin therapy
Administering insulin helps diabetics by keeping high, uncontrolled glucose levels at a normal rate.
Lifestyle changes
Healthy eating, regular exercise, avoiding stress, and drinking water are all positive changes that can improve physical health
Healthy eating examples: decreasing the intake of foods with high fat content, implementing fresh fruits and vegetables daily, drinking water instead of soda or sugary juice.
Effective ways to exercise: going on short walks, avoid sitting down for long periods of time, taking the stairs, swimming
Medications
Biguanides
Metformin, decrease glucose release from the liver, decreases intestinal absorption of glucose, and improves insulin sensitivity
GLP -1 analogs
Exenatide, Liraglutide, and Albigutide. Increase the secretion of insulin, reduce glucose release after meals, promote satiety (the felling of satisfaction after meals).
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Risk Factors
Genetic Factors
Family history
Children learn eating habits and exercise habits from their parents, therefore, parents who demonstrate an unhealthy lifestyle predispose their children.
Environmental Factors
Obesity
Obese individuals have more triglyceride content, which leads to B-cell destruction and insulin resistance.
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