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Kylie Fraile P.5 Integumentary System - Coggle Diagram
Kylie Fraile P.5 Integumentary System
Nails: protective cover for toes and fingers
Nail Bed: epidermis under keratinized nail plate, top main part of nail
nail matrix: nail growth, thickened portion of nail bed
nail fold: skin folds over border of nail
lulune: white thickened nail matrix, crescent moon shape
cuticle: nail bed projects onto nail body surface
free edge: part of nail that grows,
Glands
Apocrine Sweat Gland: only in axillary & anogenital areas like armpits, groin, nipples, secretes milky sweat. Bacteria breaks down sweat makes body odor. Bigger than other eccrine; ducts empty into hair follicles
Eccrine Sweat Gland: most widespread, palms, soles, forehead, secretes sweat, thermoregulation regulated by nerve systems
Modified Apocrine: Ceremonious Glands- lines external ear canal, secretes EARWAX Mammary Glands- breast milk
Sebaceous (OIL) glands: secretes SEBUM, oily holocrine that softens hair & has bacteria killing properties. Widely spread, except palms and soles, mostly develops from hair follicles mainly inactive until puberty, hormone stimulated
Skin Cancers: most tumors benign, don't spread
Basal Cell carcinoma: least malignant (infectious) where basal cells slowly invade dermis & hypodermis, 99% cured by surgical excision
Basal Cell carcinoma: least malignant (infectious) where basal cells slowly invade dermis & hypodermis, 99% cured by surgical excision. KEY early detection ABCD rule
Squamous Cell carcinoma: 2nd most common, can spread, metastasize, involves keratinocytes in spinosum layer, scaly reddened area scalp, ears, lips, hands treated by radiation therapy, surgical removal
ABCD rule: A) assymetry B) Border irregularity C) Color D) Diameter bigger than 6 mm
Risks: skin irritation, overexposer to UV radiation
Skin Functions
Cutaneous sensations: part of nervous sysytem, respond to stimuli outside of body, ex) temp & touch. Free nerve endings feel painful stimuli
Metabolic Functions: chemicals from keratinocytes cab disarm carcinogens, can synthesize Vitamin D needed for calcium, activate hormones, ex) turn cortisone-> hydrocortisone
Blood Reservoir: can hold 5% of body's total blood volume. Skin vessels can constrict to shunt blood -> other organs ex) using muscle
Protection since its in areas of high abrasion
Chemical Barrier: secrete chemicals, sweat, sebum, defensin, acid meintle, melanin gives chem barrier against uv radiation
Biological Barrier : phagocytic cells, dendritic cells engulf antigens, macrophages, dna absorbs harmful uv radiation
Physical Barrier: dead keratinized cells in corneum layer, ex) organic solvents, some drugs, & drug agents,
Excretion of wastes: secretes small amounts of nitrogenous wastes like ammonia, sweating can cause salt and water loss
Body Temp Regulation: sweat glands produce 3 gallons of noticeable sweat, 500 ml daily of unnoticeable sweat to cool body down. In the cold, dermal blood vessels constrict
Skin
Epidermis: Superficial Layer, avascular, has epithelium
Hypodermis/ Subcatenous: Adipose ct (shock abosrber)
Dermis: Middle layer has ct, vascular, fibers bind body together, strong flexible
Dermis Papillary: Aerolar ct, fingerprints
Reticular: keeps skin hydrated, 80% dermal thickness, extracellular mix dense ct
Layers of Skin
thick skin: 5 layers Thin Skin: 4 layers
Stratum Lucidum (Clear); clear band of keratomocytes
ONLY IN THICK SKIN
Stratum Granulosum: 4-6 cell layer thick, cell appearance changes, slow water loss
Stratum Corneum ( Horny): superficial protects, acts as barrier, protects deeper layers, prevents water loss, keratinized dead cells
Stratum Spinosum: Prickly layer has keratinocytes
Stratum Basale: Deepest layer 1 daughter cell journey, actively dividing, 10-25% melanocytes
Cells of Epidermis
Keratinocytes: has keratin, protein. gives skin protective properties, prickly in Spinosum layer
Dendric: macrophages works in immune system
Melanocytes: Produces melanin (responsible for skin tone) protects nucleus from UV damage. Spider shaped
Tactile ( Merkel): sense touch
Skin Color
Carotene: yellow, orange, in palms &soles, in hypodermis & stratum corneum
Hemoglobin: pinkish hue of light skin from low melanin levels
Melanin: only pigment made in skin, responsible for skin tone. More sun= more melanin, redish brown or brownish black
Homeostatic Imbalance
Jaundice: yellow, liver disorders
Bruises: clotted blood under skin
Pallor: paleness, anemia, low blood pressure fear
Erythema: redness, fever, hypertension, inflammation
Cyanosis: blue skin color indicates low O2 of hemoglobin
Necklace Bruises: dark areas around neck, low insulin levels, or high sugar levels
Burns
1st degree: Epidermis layer only, least severe localized redness, swelling
2nd degree: Epidermal and upper dermal damaged, blisters
1st & 2nd referred to as
*Partial-thickness burn
3rd degree: Entire skin thickness burned, skin color=grey, white, blackened or bright red,
nerve endings destructed, no swelling seen, most painful
Rule of 9: used to identify the severity of burns, divides body into 11 sections each consisting or adding up to 9 %
Treatment: Antibiotics, debridement, skin graft (used in 3rd deg.) temp coverings
Burns severe IF: 25% of 2nd deg 10% of 3rd deg or face, hands, or feet have 3rd deg.
Hair: dead keratinized cells, not on palms, soles, nipples
Shaft: area above scalp, keratinization completed
Cortex: surrounds medulla, layers of flat cells
Cuticle: outer layer, overlapping layers of single cells
Medulla: center core, large cells & air space
Root: within scalp, keratinzation happening
Functions: protects from heat loss, shields skin from skin, warns of insects, hair on head protects from physical trauma
Hair matrix: divided area of bulb, produces hair cells
Follicle receptor: sensory nerve ... Follicle Wall: epithelial root sheath
Hairs= Pili: felxible strands dead cells made from hair follicles
Arrector Pilli: small band of smooth muscle attached to follicle (GOOSEBUMPS)
Hair Papilla: dermal tissue knot of capillaries gives nutrients to growing hair
Homeostatic Imbalance
Alopecia: hair thinning
Acne: inflammation of sebaceous gland, pimples
Poly cystic ovary syndrome: excessive hariness
Dermal Tears : caused by extreme stretching of skin, leaves white scars, stretch marks
Psoriasis: skin inflammation from auto immune disease, itchy, sclay red skin
Staph infection: boiling oozing blisters from bacterial infection
Fungal infection: itchy rashes like jotch itch, yeast infection, athletes foot, ringworm caused by fungi
Chicken Pox: viral infection, rash, blisters, fever, headache