Type 2 Diabetes
Incidence/Prevalence
Appears most commonly in people over the age of 45
People of certain races and ethnicities (black, Hispanic, Native American) are more likely to develop type 2
Prevalence is 11.3% of adults (in the US)
Risk Factors
Inactivity- Physical activity uses up glucose for energy and makes cells more sensitive to insulin
Family history- Parents or siblings with type 2 diabetes increases your risk
Being overweight
Pathogenesis
Muscle, fat, liver cells become resistant to insulin
Pancreas doesn't produce enough insulin for the body
Polycystic ovary syndrome (POS)
Pre-diabetes- Condition in which blood sugar is elevated but not high enough to be classified as diabetes, usually when left untreated progresses to type 2
Clinical Manifestations
Fatigue
Prolonged wound healing
Frequent urination
Unintended weight loss
Polydipsia (increased thirst)
Polyphagia (increased hunger)
Blurred vision
Frequent infection
Numbness or tingling in hands and feet
For every 100,000 children 67 are diagnosed
Risk of developing type 2 diabetes increases as you get older.
1.4 million Americans are diagnosed with diabetes each year
People from Black African, African Caribbean and South Asian (Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi) backgrounds are at a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes from a younger age.
The cells in the body become less sensitive to the insulin that is released from the pancreas. This can end up causing insulin resistance
Pro-inflammatory cytokines can cause insulin resistance in adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and liver by inhibiting insulin signal transduction.
Diagnostics
Glycated hemoglobin test
Fasting blood sugar test
Random blood sugar test
Blood sample taken at a random time
Indicated average blood sugar level
Measures the percentage of blood sugar attached to the oxygen carrying protein in the red blood cells
Blood sample taken after an overnight fast
Treatments
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Frequent blood sugar monitoring
Taking insulin
Exercising regularly and maintaining a healthy weight