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Biomolecules - Coggle Diagram
Biomolecules
B3. Carbohydrates: More than just energy
Polysaccharide:
Long molecules of carbohydrates made up of several smaller monosaccharides
Isomer:
Compounds with precisely the same amount of atoms
Oligosaccharide:
A saccharide polymer that typically contains two to ten monosaccharides (simple sugars).
Monomer:
Molecule that is capable of forming a polymer when combined with other similar molecules.
Disaccharide:
Consists of two simple sugar molecules (monosaccharides) connected to one another
Polymer:
A molecule created by fusing together numerous tiny molecules known as monomers (i.e cellulose, starch, and chitin)
Monosaccharide:
a sugar that is not decomposable into simpler sugars by hydrolysis,(i.e aldose or ketose), and contains one or more hydroxyl groups
Glycosidic linkage:
A specific kind of covalent connection that connects one group of carbohydrates to another
Carbohydrate:
Sugar molecule consisting of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms
Macronutrient:
Vital nutrients that the body must have in large amounts to stay healthy.
Essential nutrient:
Nutrients that the body is unable to produce and must thus be obtained from food
Hydrogen bond:
Contact between two atoms with high electron affinities and a hydrogen atom sandwiched in between them
Glycogen
Starch
Amylose
Amylopectin
Cellulose
Chitin
:
B2. Functional Groups and Biochemical Reactions
Carboxyl Group
: Functional group made comprised of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and singly attached to a hydroxyl group
Polar covalent functional group
Dipole-Dipole/ Dipole-Dipole
(hydrogen bonding
)
Carbonyl group:
Functional group made consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom
Polar covalent functional group
Dipole-Dipole
Amino group
: Functional group consisting of a nitrogen atom joined to two hydrogen atoms
Polar covalent functional group
Dipole-Dipole
(hydrogen bonding
)
Hydroxyl group:
Functional group having the chemical formula OH, made up of one hydrogen atom and one oxygen atom that are covalently bound
Polar covalent functional group
Dipole-Dipole
Sulfhydryl group:
Functional group made up of a sulphur atom bound to hydrogen by two lone pairs
Nonpolar covalent functional group
London-dispersion forces
Reactant:
Something that triggers a chemical reaction
Phosphate group
: Functional group consisting of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms
Polar covalent functional group
Dipole-Dipole
Product:
Species produced by chemical reactions
Enzyme:
Proteins that speed up chemical processes and function as biological catalysts
Chemical Potential Energy
: The power held in a substance's chemical bonds
Electrochemical Potential Energy:
The difference between the average energies of the outermost electrons in a molecule's or element's two valence states
Catabolic
: Chemical processes that convert big, complex compounds into smaller, simpler molecules (i.e hydrolysis)
Anabolic:
The process through which smaller components—such as nutrition, cells, or amino acids—are joined to form larger structures (i.e condensation)
Condensation (dehydration synthesis):
A particular kind of chemical process when two molecules join to produce one, typically with the loss of a smaller molecule like water
Hydrolysis:
Chemical reaction in which the addition of water splits a bond results in breakdown
Neutralization:
The process by which an acid and a base react to produce water and salt.
Phosphorylation:
The addition of a phosphoryl (PO3) group to a molecule
Isomerization
: The process of converting a molecule, polyatomic ion, or molecular fragment into an isomer having a distinct chemical structure
Oxidation - Reduction (Redox):
Processes in which electrons are transferred from one substance to another
Glycosidic:
A type of covalent bond known as a glycosidic bond or glycosidic linkage that connects a carbohydrate molecule to another group
Peptide bond or Amide linkage:
Two amino acids joined together via a covalent connection.
Phosphodiester:
A bond that is created when precisely two of the hydroxyl groups in phosphoric acid interact with the hydroxyl groups on other molecules to generate two ester bonds.
Ester:
A substance or functional group produced when an alcohol and an acid condense while simultaneously losing water
B4. Protein: Bulking up the cell
Hormone:
Chemicals that function as messenger molecules within the body
Neurotransmitter:
a signaling molecule secreted by a neuron to affect another cell across a synapse.
Receptor:
A distinct class of proteins that work by attaching to a certain type of ligand
Primary structure:
Sequence of a chain of amino acids
Held together by covalent peptide bonds
Polypeptide
: Unbroken, continuous chain of amino acids connected by peptide bonds
Secondary structure:
Local folding of the protein chain into helices or sheets
Intermolecular force
: Hydrogen bonding
Peptide bond/peptide linkage:
A chemical link created when one amino acid's carboxyl group and another amino acid's amino group are combined.
Tertiary structure:
Three-dimensional folding pattern of a protein due to side chain interactions
Intermolecular force
: Ionic bonding, hydrophobic, hydrophillic, and disulfide bonds
Side group/R group:
A side chain attached to the α-carbon of all amino acids
Quaternary structure:
Protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain
Intermolecular forces
: Hydrogen bonding, and van der Waals forces
Amino acid:
Monomers that combine to form proteins
Hydrophobic:
Water fearing (unsoluble)
Essential amino acid:
An amino acid that must be obtained from food since the body cannot produce it quickly enough to meet its needs
Hydrophilic:
Water loving (soluble)
Intermolecular forces of attraction:
London dispersion forces (LDF), dipole- dipole interactions, and hydrogen bonding.
B1. Introduction to Biochemistry
Polar covalent bonding
: A covalent bond in which the two bound atoms' electron densities are unequally distributed as a result of either a difference in electronegativity or the effects of induction.
Van der Waals forces
: A collection of interactions that happen between atoms or within specific molecules and are caused by the interaction of the electron clouds that surround two polar systems.
Covalent bonding
: Entails two atoms sharing one or more pairs of electrons.
London dispersion forces
: A particular kind of electrically symmetric force that operates between atoms and molecules
Ionic bonding
: Type of chemical compound
connection created by the electrostatic attraction of ions with opposing charges
Dipole-dipole forces
: Polar molecules' positive and negative ends are attracted to one another through attraction forces.
Intramolecular bonding:
Bonds that bind atoms together to form molecules/compounds ( i.e nonpolar covalent, polar covalent, ionic)
Hydrogen bonds
: Contact between two atoms with high electron affinities and a hydrogen atom sandwiched in between them
Intermolecular forces
: Forces that exist between molecules (i.e dipole- dipole, hydrogen bonding, London dispersion forces)
B5. Lipids: Essential Fat
Micelle
: Lipid molecules that cluster into a spherical configuration in aqueous solutions
Bilayer
: A double layer of lipids, the head being polar and the tail being non-polar (i.e hydrophilic and hydrophobic)
Phospholipid
: A collection of polar lipids made composed of two fatty acids, glycerol, and a phosphate group
Fluid mosaic model
: A description regarding the structure of a functional cell membrane
Ester linkage
: Produced between the hydroxyl molecules of fatty acids and the oxygen molecules of glycerol
Independent variable
: A variable that stays unchanged and no other factors can change it (i.e variable X)
Amphipathic
: A chemical compound containing both polar and nonpolar portions in its structure (i.e hydrophobic and hydrophilic)
Dependent variable
: A variable that depends on other factors ( i.e variable Y)
Steroid
: A four-ringed organic molecule with a particular molecular arrangement that is physiologically active
Estrogen
Testosterone
Cholesterol
Controlled variables
: Any variable that's held constant in
Wax
: A fatty acid and long-chain alcohol ester
Glycolipid
: lipids with a carbohydrate attached by a glycosidic bond
Triglyceride
: An ester made of three fatty acids and glycerol
Glycoprotein
: A type of protein molecule that has a carbohydrate attached to it
Glycerol
: Three hydroxyl (OH) groups on a tiny chemical molecule
Transmembrane protein
: A kind of protein that makes up the complete cell membrane and is an integral membrane protein
Fatty acid
: A carboxylic acid with a hydrocarbon chain and a terminal carboxyl group, notably any of those found as esters in fats and oils.
Saturated fatty acid
Unsaturated fatty acid
B6. Nucleic Acid: Beyond Genetics
NAD+
: A nucleic acid consising of a nitrogenous base (adenine), ribose sugar, and two phosphate groups
Function
: Helps turn nutrients into energy and is an assistance molecule for proteins that control other biological processes
NADP+
: A nucleic acid consising of a nitrogenous base (adenine), ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups )
Function
: A universal electron transporter that converts hydrogen atoms and electrons into NADPH
ATP
: A nucleic acid consisting of a nitrogenous base (adenine), a ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups
FAD+
: A nucleic acid consising of a nitrogenous base (adenine), ribose sugar, and two phosphate groups
Function
: Is a cofactor for the enzyme that maintains hemoglobin in its functional reduced state(cytochrome-b5 reductase). Also for the enzyme that protects erythrocytes from oxidative damage (glutathione reductase)
Deoxyribose
: A sugar that has four oxygen atoms and five carbon atoms and is a component of DNA
cAMP
: A nucleic acid consising of a nitrogenous base (adenine), ribose sugar, and a singular phosphate groups
Ribose
: A sugar that is a component of RNA and has five carbon atoms and five oxygen atoms per molecule :
Potential energy
: Is the energy held in an object as a result of its position with relation to some zero position
Nitrogenous base
: Includes adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C)
(T)
(G)
(A)
(C)
Double helix
: Structure formed by double-stranded molecules of nucleic acids (i.e DNA)
Phosphodiester bond
: A kind of chemical link that develops when precisely two phosphoric acid hydroxyl groups interact with hydroxyl groups on other molecules to generate ester bonds.
Autotroph
: An organism that has the capacity to grow its own food utilizing chemicals, light, water, or carbon dioxide.
Nucleotide
: An organic molecule with a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar, and a phosphate group as its three constituent parts.
Heterotroph
: An organism that depends on external sources of nutrition since it is unable to create its own food
Food system
:The creation, processing, transportation, and consumption of food
Phosphate
DNA
: Includes the instructions required for a living thing to grow, survive, and reproduce.
RNA:
: Translates codes to produce proteins
