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Human beings and health - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus (humans)
      - Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus (bacteria)
- - - - Conective tissue supports, protects and connets other tissues. It is made by cells that secrete substances that form the intercellular matrix
      - Types
        
        Connective tissue
        
        Surrounds and connects organs and has a gel-like intercellular matrix
        
        Adipose tissue
        
        It stores lipids for protection and energy reserves
        
        Cartilaginous tissue
        
        It supports the skeleton by forming cartilage. It has a solid, elastic intercellular matrix
        
        Bone tissue
        
        It has a hard, solid extracellular matrix. It supports the body
        
        Blood tissue
        
        It consists on a liquid intercellular matrix called plasma, red and white blood cells and platelets. It transports nutrients, hormons and waste
    - - Muscle tissue fibres contract when they are stimulated producing movement
      - Types
        
        Smooth muscle tissue
        
        It is found in the hollow organs. Its contraction is responsible for the slow and involuntary movements of these organs
        
        Skeletal muscle tissue
        
        It covers the skeleton. Its responsible for most fast and voluntary movements
        
        Cardiac muscle tissue
        
        It only exists in the heart. Its contraction is fast and involuntary
    - - Epithelial tissue cover both external and internal surfaces of the body acting as a barrier between distinct enviroments
      - Types
        
        Covering and lining epithelium
        
        It covers the outside of the body and also lines internal organs and cavities
        
        Glandular epithelium
        
        It forms exocrine and endocrine glands which secrete substances for secretion and hormones to the blood respectively
    - - It transmits nerve impulses to comunicate the body and the brain. It consists of neurons which are protected by neuroglia cells
- - - - Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not only the absence of disease
    - - Biological factors
        
        Genetic inheritance
        
        Age
      - Enviroment
        
        Pollution
        
        Weather
        
        Radiation
        
        Trauma
        
        Stress
        
        Pathogenic microorganisms
      - Life style
        
        Diet
        
        Drugs
        
        Physical exercise
      - Health care sector
        
        Quality
        
        Accessibility
        
        Amplitud and coverage
  - - - Illness occurs when one or more of the body's organs does not function correctly
    - - Symptoms
        
        These are only felt or experienced by the patient (pain, tiredness...)
      - Signs
        
        These are objective indicators and can be seen by other people, detected in test or observed in examinations (temperature, rashes...)
    - - Infectious illness
        
        It is caused by transmittable pathogens such as virus, bacteria, fungi and protozoa
      - Non-infectious illness
        
        It is not caused by pathogens so cannot be transmitted between human beings
    - - Direct transmission
        
        Pathogens are transferred directly from the infected person (host) to another person via physical contact (touching, kissing) or through the air (airbone saliva droplets)
      - Indirect transmission
        
        Pathogens are transferred via and intermediary from the host to another person (food. water, eating utensils)
- - - - They are surfaces which separate the inside of the body from the outside.
        Skin covers the outside of the body and mucous membranes cover digestive, respiratory and reproductive cavities
    - - They are pathogen-blocking secretions
    - - They include bacterial flora found on the skin and mucous membranes
        They are good for us as they produce natural antibiotics that protect the body from other pathogens
  - - - Beginning of inflammation
        
        Fail of external defenses
        
        External defenses fail and the pathogen enters the body for the first time
        
        Body temperature increases to avoid the pathogen to multiply
        
        Blood vessels dilates and blood flow increases
        
        Chemical messengers are released to attract macrophages
        
        The skin becomes swollen and red
      - White blood cells called phagocytes surround the microorganism using projections of their cell membrane called pseudopods and eliminate it in the form of pus
    - - All cells of our body have the same membrane antigen
      - Phagocytes have a special receptor to detect our own membrane antigens and not attack our body cells
      - Phagocytes can detect foreign membrane antigens. In this case they phagocyte the pathogen
- - - - Destruction of damage cells
        
        T lymphocyte destroy damaged cells
      - T lymphocyte activate B lymphocyte
  - - - Memory cell formation
        
        Some B lymphocyte become memory cells and stay in our body for years (immune memory)
      - B lymphocyte release a large quantity of antibodies that destroy the pathogen
  - - - All the processes mention before take place again but this time memory cells produce antibodies extremely fast and in a much larger quantity so the pathogen does not have time to cause any damage
- - - - Wash your hands frequently
        Cover your mouth and use tissues when coughing and sneezing
        Always wash and disinfect cuts
      - Vaccination
        
        Thanks to vaccination you can improve immunity to certain pathogens and eradicate certain dangerous illneses
        
        Lifestyle
        
        Get a good night sleep
        Eat a balanced diet
        Do not smoke or do drugs
  - - - Our body will react with the immunological response, creating memory cells. (It also creates antibodies that will be lost via urine over time)
        
        Next time the real pathogen enters the body, these memory cells will recognise it quicly and destroy it
        
        If enough people is vaccinated, the pathogen will not be able to be transferred and the illness may possibly be erradicated
  - - - Fungicides
        
        Antisera
        
        Antivirals
        
        They kill parasitic viruses. Few can be used as they can also damage our own cells
        
        They are antibodies extracted from the blood of a previous infected animal
        It is usually used to treat poisonous animal bites
        
        They kill or stop the growth of fungus
      - They stop bacteria growing and multiplying
        They cannot be used for treating other than bacteria