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PLASTICS - Coggle Diagram

- - - - With this technique, we can produce different finishes, for example, glossy, matt or textured. This depends on the outer coating applied by the final cylinder.
  - - - 1.We inject melted thermoplastic into a mould
      - 2.When the material has cooled and solidified, we extract it from the mould
    - - 1.We put a tubular-shaped piece of plastic into a hollow mould which has the same shape as the object that we want to make
      - 2.We close the mould and blow pressurised air into it, so that the plastic adheres to the sides of the mould and takes its shape
      - 3.When the object is cold, we remove it from the mould
    - - 1.We put the thermostable plastic, which can be in granular form, into the base of a cavity mould
      - The outer part of the cavity mould, shaped the same, is closed to compress the material inside. We then heat it and it becomes soft and malleable
      - The plastic adapts to the shape of the cavity between the two parts of the mould
      - 4.We extract the object when the plastic has cooled and solidified
- - - - Marble and granit
        
        high density, cold to the touch, hard, high resistance to environmental conditions
        
        widely varied natural colour
        
        brilliant sheen when polished
        
        used on floors and walls, in architecture and in sculpture
      - Slate
        
        hard, dense and compact, making it waterproof
        
        extracted from the Eanh in smooth, flat pieces that are cut and pressed
        
        used mainly to cover roofs and as paving stones
  - - - Plaster
        
        processed from crushed gypsum that is dehydrated
        
        then mixed with water to make a paste that hardens rapidly
        
        water-soluble adhesive when first mixed that is resistant to pressure and to fire
        
        used to make archways, partitions, and as a rovening for walls and paving, etc.
      - Cement
        
        grey powder made from a mixture of crushed and heated limestone, clay and gypsum
        
        mixed with water to make a soft paste
        
        very strong and resistant
        
        used to make mortar and other binders for construction materials like bricks
      - Mortar
        
        binder made from cement and sand, hardens when mixed with water
        
        used to hold together construction materials like brick, cement block and
        paving stone, and to make artifinal stone
      - Concrete
        
        mixture of gravel, sand, water and cement that dries and hardens
        
        strong resistance to pressure
        
        adheres to steel, used to makereinforced concrete
        
        used to make foundations for buildings, bridges, etc.
  - - - Clay is a fine-grained earth composed of aluminium silicates and other substances. We can mould it easily when it's wet.
        
        It's soft, porous, resistant to high temperatures and chemically inert
        
        It has many different. colours; it's abundant in nature and very versatile
    - - 1.Preparating the clay
        
        We clean the clay to remove traces of vegetable
        matter, then apply a breakdown process using rollers
      - 2.Mixing
        
        We add water, anti-grease agents, fluxes and colouring
      - 3.Modelling
        
        We shape the clay in the form of the oblect we want to
        make
      - 4.Drying
        
        To allow all water to evaporate
      - 5.Baking
        
        in an industnal oven called a kiln at temperatures between
        700ºC and 1700ºC
      - Glazing and enamelling
    - - There are two large groups: structural ceramics and whiteware ceramics
        
        Structural ceramics are permeable; whiteware ceramics are impermeable
  - - - It's waterproof, smooth and hard, but fragile
      - It's resistant to environmental conditions and to chemical compounds
      - It's a good thermal, electncal and acoustic insulator
    - - We make glass by mixing sand, soda (which acts as a flux) and limestone
        
        We heat this mixture to 1400'C; it then melts tn form a paste
        
        Mould blowing
        
        We put the paste into a hollow mould which has the shape of the object we want to make
        
        We close the mould and inject
        compressed air, causing the paste to adhere
        to the sides of the mould
        
        When the mould is completely cooled, iyig
        we remove the obiect
        
        Float glass making
        
        We float molten glass on top of a layer of molten tin
        
        The glass spreads to form a sheet that we pass through a system of rollers
        
        Weleave it cool
        
        Lamination
        
        We pass the soft material through a system of rollers The roflers can be smooth, or engraved to create a design on the glas
- - - - Natural plastics
        
        are obtained directly from raw vegetable matenals
      - Synthetic plastic
        
        are made from compounds extracted from
        petroleum, natural gas and carbon
        
        The majority of plastics belong
        to this group
      - The transformation of these raw materials and compounds into plastics is called polymerisation
        
        During the manufacturing process, we can add materials such as fibreglass, textile fibres, paper, silica and sawdust to reduce production costs, and to develop certain characteristics
        
        We can incorporate chemrcal additives to increase flexibility and to strengthen the polymers, and we can add pigments to give colour to the plastics
  - - - Strength, elasticity, rigidity and flexibility are characteristics of many plastics, although they vary from one type to another
        
        There are other properties that are common to the majority of plastics
        
        Mechanichal
        
        Ductility
        
        Malleability
        
        Mechanical resistance
        
        Acoustic
        
        Acoustic insulation
        
        Electrical
        
        Electrical insulation
        
        Thermal
        
        Thermal insulation
        
        Other properties
        
        Impermeability
        
        Low density
  - - - Chemical recycling
        
        We apply chemical processes to make new
        materials from the original components of plasutic residues
      - Mechanical Recycling
        
        We make new products from plastic
        granules
        
        Agglutination
        
        The material is compacted and then incorporated
        into other materials
        
        Extursion
        
        We melt the material, and then it's extruded into long
        filaments
        
        Floating
        
        We wash the plastics and then dry them by centrifugal
        force
        
        Pelletising
        
        The filaments are then reduced to granules that we call pellets
        
        Separation and crushing
        
        We separate the plastics according to
        type and then they' re crushed
      - Energetic Recycling
        
        We can incinerate plastics and the energy that
        is produced is used tn industry, for heating or producing electricity
        
        The majority of plastics are not yet biodegradable, but thanks to new technologies, we' re increasingly able to produce biodegradable materials
        
        plastics that decompose on contact with certain bacteria and
        biological agents
        
        plastics that dissolve on hot or cold water
- - - - They' re made up of weakly formed molecular chains
        
        When we heat them they become soft, wich allows them to be formed into different shapes
  - - - They`re formed by strongly-linked chains running in different directions
        
        When heated, they become soft and can be shaped.When cooled, they cannot be remoulded by applying heat
  - - - They are hard, resistant and very elastic —stretching easily under force
        
        They' re formed by chains linked laterally and then folded over themselves, like a ball of wool or string
- - - - Cutter
        
        To cut sheets of different thickness, depending on their hardness
      - Scissors
        
        To cut soft, thin flexible sheets
      - Steel bit
        
        To cut sheets less than 1mm in thickness
      - Frestsaw
        
        To cut soft, low density plastic
        
        Cann make straight, slanting and curved cuts
      - Jig saw
        
        To cut very large sheets of plastic, and rigid plastics in general
        
        Cann make straight, slanting and
        curved cuts
      - Power press
        
        To cut flat sheets of low density plastic
        
        Makes simple objects by
        applying pressure
      - Hot metal thread thimmer
        
        To cut sheets of soft thermoplastic
    - - Tool that makes holes in plastics
      - Consits of inserting a long, thin round and threaded piece of metal into the head of the machine thaqt revolves at high speed for cutting holes
    - - A file has a rough surface
      - Used to finish the surfaces and edges of hard materials
      - A rasp has an even rougher surface, covered with 'teeth'
      - Used to finish the surfaces and edges of soft materials
- - - - We can join and then separate objects with mechanical fasteners
        
        Nut and bolt
        
        Used to fasten two objects together
        
        Nut used to tighten the bolt
        
        Standard screw
        
        Used to fasten two objects
        
        Holes must bne drilled first before the screw in inserted
        
        Double ended screw
        
        Each end of the screw can be inserted into one of a pair of objects
    - - We use this type of joint when we don't want to separate or dismantle the pieces
        
        Adhesives
        
        Joining two surfaces permanently
        
        Resins with two components: liquid, high water resistance
        
        Acrylic cement: liquid, used mainly with PVC and polystirene
        
        Soldering
        
        Joining thermoplastics using heat and pressure
- - - - We get natural fibres from raw materials
        
        Vegetable origin
        
        Cotton
        
        From the plant of the same name
        
        Naturally white; can be dyed
        
        Elastic and flexible
        
        Light and absorbs moisture
        
        Good thermal insulator
        
        Resistant to acids
        
        Linen
        
        From the flax plant
        
        Naturally white or beige
        
        Elastic and flexible
        
        Good thermal productor
        
        Resistant to chlorinee and bleach
        
        Hemp
        
        Extracted from a herbaceous plant
        
        very strong
        
        Used in shoemaking, crafts and decorations
        
        Animal origin
        
        Wool
        
        From sheep
        
        Various natural colors, but easily died
        
        Very elastic
        
        Excellent thermal insulator
        
        Resistant to acids
        
        Silk
        
        Made from a material secreted by a worm called a silkworm, which forms extremely fine threads
        
        Highly resistant and elastic
        
        Good thermal and electrical insulator
        
        Mineral origin
        
        Asbestos
        
        Fibrous minerals
        
        Fireproof
        
        Used for fire-resistant roofs
        
        A health risk to use aqnd inhale
        
        Metals
        
        Threads of gold, silver and copper
        
        Used to make cloth
    - - Synthetic fibres such as nylon, polyester, rayon and Lycra' are plastics
        
        They are long-lasting, resistant and waterproof
        
        A mixture of natural and synthetic fibres is often used to make textiles