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TOK 12 CORE CONCEPTS (S22F) - Coggle Diagram

- - - - For example, simple arithmetical truths such as the proposition that 2+2=4. Traditionally, such truths have been held to be ‘self-evident’; allegedly, they need only to be understood in order to be known
    - - In natural sciences, it is imperative that there is evidence used to support the knowledge claims made. Evidence, in science, is obtained by experiments where scientists develop a deeper understanding of a theory or concept through observation and data collection. For example, scientists continuously update the models used to demonstrate cells or other complex structures based on evidence found through experiments. one can begin to see that despite the constant array of new discoveries, we can always be sure that each new discovery brings us closer to a deeper understanding of the laws of nature.
        
        This proves how vital it is that the natural sciences come to one conclusion based on the evidence obtained that can be accepted as shared knowledge.
        
        in history, takes on different form than in natural sciences. History, is an important field that studies the recorded past and thus documentary evidence plays an Important role in the development of knowledge in history. Historians develop their ideas on history: based on first hand accounts, old news articles, photographs and other document types, which can be used as evidence. These different documents can be interpreted in many ways, which contrasts the natural sciences which are relatively fact based
        
        there is no way to use experiments to collect data that tells us all about history, historians must rely on evidence provided by historical documents and use reason and imagination to construct a narrative of what may have happened. However, the issue with evidence in history is that it can never be perfectly reliable due to there always being a subjective element to factor in, as historians are influenced by the present environment in which they live.
        
        Despite the possibility of subjectivity, historians need evidence as it is a way in which they can develop a clear picture of the past, although it is not as imperative as in the sciences because there is room for a degree of imagination and reason in history. Through the use of the natural sciences and history, we have begun to understand why evidence is crucial in the world we live in, but, through comparing the two we can see why it may be more important in some areas of knowledge than in others.
  - - - correspondence theory/neo classical theory
        
        it is true if it corresponds to the way things are actually are
      - pragmatist theory
        
        Truth is the end of inquiry. Truth is satisfactory to believe
        
        Pragmatist is a person who is guided by practial considerations than by ideals
      - coherent theory
        
        One of the system of belief
        
        For it to become a coherent belief system, every belief that make up the system is coherent to each other.
    - - The physical universe, qualification of relationship among object
        eg : speed and motion
        
        Examine the effort to know the truth
        
        Look at ways truth is identified and possible degree to recognise meaningful truth
        how or why we know?
  - - - If i think that this guy is good for me, then it is good but other people may not think the same
    - - A,B,C and D assume that the guy is a bad guy then you would also assume he is a bad guy
    - - Ice cream lid can be a good frisbee even though it is not a frisbee
    - - Pleasure is good and knowledge is good. This claims cannot be compared as it is two different things
    - - state of affairs is the primary bearers of value
    - - things like pleasure of goodness are the primary bearers of value
    - - We can't say that something is better because the value/amount is greater. We could say that taller is better but we can't really say that the heavier the for the better.
    - - Sue is a good dancer and Hew is a good musician. (related to good simpliciter)
- - - - The aim is to see whether Aboriginal people might perform better on tests that took advantage of their ability to encode with visual cues. In other words, to see the effects of culture on memory.
      - Cultural backgrounds of adolescents aged 12-16 (44 Aboriginal vs 44 White Australian)
      - As the concept of "standard" testing situations is culturally foreign to Aboriginal students, no testing was done until students had time and opportunity to ask questions. This study was done outdoors.
      - Kearins placed 20 objects on a board divided into 20 squares. Each student were told to study the board for 30 seconds.
      - They were told that the subsequent task was reconstruction of the board with the objects in the same arrangement. Then, all the objects were heaped into a pile in the centre of the word. Children were then asked to replace the items in their original locations. The number of items correctly relocated was counted.
      - Result : On all four tasks, the Aboriginal children performed better than the white Australian children.
      - Aboriginal children showed no significant difference whether the task was artificial or natural. The objects themselves therefore didn't affect the results.
      - Conclusion : The survival of Aboriginals in the harsh desert landscape had encouraged and rewarded their ability to store and encode information using visual retrieval cues. This suggests that survival needs may shape and reward a particular way of encoding information in memory.
  - - - As far as we know, the term “tiger parenting” did not exist until the publication of Amy Chua's (2011) book, Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother. Amy Chua, writes about her Chinese heritage and the way it has influenced her parenting choices is common in Asian families
      - Asian American parenting started gaining scholarly attention with the landmark publication of Ruth Chao's (1994) paper in the journal Child Development , “Why are Asian American children performing so well academically, given that their parents are more likely to be classified as authoritarian in parenting style?”
      - In March 2013, the Asian American Journal of Psychology, tested the new theory of “tiger parenting.” Overall, these studies showed that parenting in each of these cultures is a mix of power-assertive type parenting and supportive parenting. We defined tiger parents as those who practice positive and negative parenting strategies simultaneously.
      - Although there is a popular perception that the secret behind the academic success of Asian American children is the prevalence of “tiger moms'' like Amy Chua, we found that children with tiger parents actually had a lower GPA than children with supportive parents.
      - In fact, children with supportive parents show the highest GPA, the best socio-emotional adjustment, the least amount of alienation from parents, and the strongest sense of family obligation among the four parenting profiles. Thus, our findings debunk the myths about the merits of tiger parenting. Children with supportive parents show the best developmental outcomes. Children of easy going parents show better developmental outcomes than those with tiger parents. Children with harsh parents show the worst developmental outcomes.
  - - - A study by World Psychiatry which is Official Journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) published a journal titled ‘The “online brain” : how the Internet may be changing our cognition’
      - States the impact of the Internet for connection, information, communication, and screen time is having on our brains and cognitive functioning is unclear. Prior to the Internet, a large body of research had convincingly demonstrated that the brain is somewhat malleable to environmental demands and stimuli, particularly with regards to learning new processes, due to its capacity for neuroplasticity
      - As an example, even simple interactions with the Internet through the smartphone's touchscreen interface have been demonstrated to bring about sustained neurocognitive alterations due to neural changes in cortical regions associated with sensory and motor processing of the hand and thumb
      - Along with neuroplastic mechanisms, other environmental and biological factors can also cause changes in the brain's structure and function, resulting in cognitive decline
- - - - it was a sub of ethic the one of the four frame work of TOK
      - of ethic that we have in the world that is related with the responsibility:
        1.Duty-based ethics
        
        deontology
  - - - Justification is provided to convince them of the soundness of the claim
      - we examine the justification in determining of whether the knowledge upon which people's actions are based or upon the conclusion were drawn is sound, rational and disinterested
        Hence, provide true justification and not rationalization
    - - Ethics require justifications to weigh if something is actually ethical or not. For example, the question, “Do established values change in the face of new knowledge?”, explores how knowledge make an impact over established values. Knowledge is more likely change values is they aren’t justified. In fact, the establishment of values requires justification itself.
      - Methods and Tools constitute justification. Explanation, evidence and justification line up to provide an analysis into a procedure.
      - Perspectives are shaped through justifications, we often need logic and reasoning to base our opinionated claims and statements.
- - - - the act or result of deriving the meaning or significance of something. justification. A fact or circumstance that demonstrates an idea or action to be reaIt goes beyond interpreting experimental results to concept evaluation to find out if the experiment can support your theory.sonable or necessary. It is often in a form of evidence that involves at least one WOK.
      - There can be varying interpretation, so the results can be uncertain. To deal with this correctly, you should base your conclusions on acceptable laws and solid evidence.
      - Good interpretation: Quantifiable, could be proved with less uncertainty, and could be repeated, could be referenced to the context but proven to be true.
      - Bad interpretation: Can not be repeated, no valid evidence, vague, not able to predict with numbers (or the numbers are off).
      - When evaluating an interpretation, one needs to asses all aspect of the interpretation to make a decision
        One has to take personal perception out ,of it when focusing on evaluation as much as possible
        
        Knowledge issues:how do we know which interpretation is better to trust.
        Aspect of Elvaluation
        
        Language
        
        Reason
        
        Bias behind interpretation
        
        Sense perception
        
        Weighing various choices throught event
        
        Evidence and its realiability
        
        One has to asses the benefits and cons of siding with one determining factor for evaluation and assesment
        a lot of times ,siding with one determining factor allows for cracks in an argument about a certain interpretation
        
        The problem with most evaluations of interpretation is that they hold a bias based upon one major way of evaluation
        One must try to remove as much as bias as possible from their evaluations
        One mus try to weigh all aspect equally in thier interpreation
        
        One must be aware , however of the one aspect of an interpreation of is the most important to them when choosing which base their evaluation
        This one aspect is different for every person and not a universal constant
  - - - Reflects level of confidence attributed to particular knowledge
      - The more we are certain towards a belief, the more durable it will be, the greater it influences what we think and do
      - When the knowledge is 'uncertain', it lacks reliability
    - - Knowledge is 'absolutely certain' comes from result of deductive reasoning
      - Formal Argument
        
        formed by premises and a conclusion.
        
        A Conclusion: The logical extension of the premises
        
        Premises: The statements of fact which form the basis of the argument
      - Argument is VALID
        
        Conclusion is logic and makes sense
      - Argument is SOUND
        
        Conclusion is logic & All premises are true : True Conclusion
  - - - A proposition is considered to have objective truth when its truth conditions are met without bias caused by a sentient subject.
      - Scientific objectivity refers to the ability to judge without partiality or external influence.
      - Objectivity in the moral framework calls for moral codes to be assessed based on the well-being of the people in the society that follow it. Moral objectivity also calls for moral codes to be compared to one another through a set of universal facts and not through subjectivity.
    - - a detached way of looking at the world, largely independent of personal feelings or opinions, that expects to be corroborated by a knowledge community.