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Plant Origins - Coggle Diagram

- - - - oxygen out
      - CO2 in
  - - - Rhyniophytes cooksonia
    - - some evidence of air chambers
      - bean-like shape
      - inner wall thickening
  - - - no intercellular space
  - - - Aid in diffusion of minerals and nutrients from gametophyte to sporophyte
      - Cell Death
  - - - dumbell shape
      - same direction as epidermal cells
    - - Kidney-shaped
      - Random orientation
  - - - Active metabolic processes
        
        Increase turgor pressure
        
        Moves ions, water follows by osmosis
        
        hypotonic to hypertonic
      - Cytoskeleton microfibrils radially oriented
    - - Photosynthetic dependent
        
        Closure at night or under water stress
        
        Ancestral condition filled with chloroplasts
        
        Independent of blue light
        
        Potassium are moved in
        
        Protons are pumped out
        
        Provides ATP for potassium pump
    - - Amount of water loss to carbon gain
        
        Close pore during water stress
        
        Reduce transpiration
        
        Maintain hydration
        
        Derived character
        
        Reduce probability of cavitation
        
        ABA responsive in seed plants
        
        Angiosperms additionally respond to VPD
- - - - Thylakoid reactions
        
        Light reactions
      - Stromal reactions
        
        Calvin-Benson-Bassham Cycle
        
        Dark reactions
    - - Thylakoid reactions
      - Involve dozens of pigments
      - Specialized e- handling complexes
      - lined up precisely in membranes
  - - - scytonemin - protective pigment that prevents UV damage
    - - Porphyrin-like ring structure
      - Chlorophyll (ancestor) -> Hemoglobin (descendant)
  - - - Plants appear green thus absorb non-green pigments
      - absorption of light causes excitation of electrons
        
        Electrons bump to next orbital
        
        Electron is passed to electron acceptor
        
        Electron descends down to original orbital
        
        Electron "fall" releases energy
        
        Energy released as heat
        
        Energy released as fluorescence
    - - Plants appear green thus reflect green pigments
  - - - indigo ~ 400 nm
      - blue ~ 450 nm
      - turquoise ~ 500 nm
      - green ~ 550 nm
      - yellow ~ 600 nm
      - yellow-orange ~ 650 nm
      - orange ~ 700 nm
      - red ~ 750 nm
  - - - 430 nm
      - 660 nm
  - - - 450 nm
      - 650 nm
  - - - Carotenoids
        
        beta carotene
        
        helps broaden absorption spectrum
        
        protects from UV rays
        
        visible in Fall season
  - - - Photosystems: organized complexes of pigments and proteins
    - - Absorbed energy is funneled to reaction center
        
        Reaction Center: special chlorophyll a
- - - - Derived new trait
    - - apomorphy shared by two or more taxa
      - hypothesized to have evolved in most recent common ancestor
      - synonymous with homology
    - - Character newer than
    - - Character older than
    - - Trait has gained or lost independently in separate lineages during evolution
      - Convergent evolution leads to species independently sharing a trait
    - - independent evolution of a similar trait in two or more taxa
        
        Indeterminate meristems evolved independently
        
        Bryophyte gametophyte
        
        Fern (monilophyte) gametophyte
        
        vascular plant sporophyte
        
        Vascular plant meristems may have evolved independently
        
        lycophyte (multicell)
        
        monilophytes (single cell)
        
        spermatophytes (multicell)
  - - - Prophase
      - Anaphase
      - Metaphase
      - Telophase
      - Cytokinesis
    - - Filamentous
      - Apical bud
    - - ground meristem
      - procambrium
      - protoderm
  - - - only divide at tip
      - cytokinesis in a single plane
    - - cytokinesis in oblique planes
  - - - large complex plants
      - specialized organ systems
    - - unique mutant
    - - Cooksonia eg
  - - - side axial
      - on leaf
  - - - isotomous
    - - anisotomous
  - - - produce new organs
      - produce new tissue
      - from shoot apex
- - - - Drags protons across the membrane
    - - PSI
      - Plastiquinone
      - Cytochrome b6f
      - Plastocyanin
  - - - great oxidizer
      - final electron acceptor
    - - NADPH
        
        more powerful energy courier than ATP
        
        sulfur bacteria beginnings
        
        One photosystem
        
        Pull electrons off HS-
        
        chlorophyll = bacteriochlorophyll
        
        H2S
        
        structure similar to water
        
        S < redox potential than O
- - - - Halpontic (one organism, single chromosome) n
  - - - Short-lived
      - Simple
    - - Relatively complex
      - Persistent
- - - - Male
      - Antheridia
        
        Contain sperm
    - - Female
      - Archegonia
        
        Contain eggs
  - - - sporocytes (2n)
      - spores (n)
- - - - male
      - antheridium
      - sperm
    - - female
      - archegonium
      - egg
  - - - sporangia
      - indulsia
- - - - multicellular haploid stage
      - pollen grain
        
        immature
        
        mature germinating
    - - multicellular haploid individual
      - egg one of the cells (nuclei)
  - - - pollen
    - - becomes nutritive tissue
      - protected by integuments
      - within an ovule
- - - - Developed later than respiration
      - Obligate Aerobic organisms developed late
      - Early thermophiles generated cooler temperatures non-conducive to photosynthetic metabolism
      - First organisms thought to be thermophiles = no carbon fixation
      - Later organisms began to focus on fixating carbon for energy
      - First photosynthetic organisms
        
        Stromatolites
        
        Layers of photosynthetic bacteria/cyanobacteria
        
        Secrete mucilage - stuck together in thin mats on surface of rocks
        
        Generate bands of sediment and dead bacteria
        
        Growth similar to coral reefs
        
        Cyanobacteria
        
        Likely oldest known fossilized organism
        
        Close to Last Known Common Ancestor in timeline ~3.5-3.8 bya
        
        Fossils are very similar to present day bacteria species cell structure
        
        Cyanobacteria cell walls almost exclusively 2-methylhopane
      - Rusting Earth
        
        Rust is generated by oxidation (O2)
        
        Rust is present on Earths structures
        
        Took time for enough photosynthesizers to produce enough O2 for rust
        
        Iron is abundant on earth and is highly rustable
        
        <3bya very little oxygen was presents on Earth
      - Dynamic Environment
        
        Iron formations disappeared
        
        Iron-rich oceans were gone
        
        Iron loving microbes dropped out of fossil record
        
        Oxygen enriched oceans precipitated iron