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Creativity and World Englishes - Coggle Diagram
Creativity and World Englishes
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Accepting that language use can be linked to distinct communities and their associated varieties of English - Inner, Outer, and Expanding
Kachru's (1995) literary creativity
the recognition of the literary creativity of English from writers from the Outer Circle
Outer circle
had taken a root as a result of colonialization
institutionalized and nativized
develop the idea based an assumption
native speakers are fully capable of using English for literary creativity
are people from outer circle legitimate?
appropriating English as a vehicle for expressing their own cultural perspectives
transcultural creativity
mother tongue is the primary medium of literary creativity
the multilingual's use of literary contexts give abundant data for transcultural creativity
individual is multilingual: one mother tongue, other not. and he uses the latter as the medium of creative expression
there is a little information said about transcultural creativity in the expanding circle
Widdowson's (2019) the creativity of common talk
supports Kachru's argument, but argues creativyt is not limited to literary uses
Focuses on English use in the expanding circle
supports literary creativity in the expanding circle
creativity of common talk
English as lingua franca communication
when it conforms to encoding principles without conforming to usage conventions
the unconventional pluralization of mass nouns "evidences"
abnormal in usage, but it can serve normal function of pragmatic use
debate of literary creativity and common talk creativity
creativity in common talk has been discussed in the Inner Circle Englishes
grammar of a langauge displays varying degrees of idiomaticity
Unique constructional instances in the IC Englishes (Fillmore, Kay and O'Connor, 1988)
unfamiliar pieces of familiarly arranged "kith and kin"
familiar pieces unfamilarly arranged "all of a sudden"
the pluralization of mass nouns such as 'advices' and 'evidences'
the debate is actually about language as a tool for the actualization of creativity
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Indexicality
Definition
highlight the fact that the meanings of
linguistic features
are tied to
specific contexts of usage
the social meaning of variation?
once a linguistic feature becomes highlighted as a potencial resource (liability)
can change the meaning of both of the resources and the originial style
change the semiotic landscape
the properties of linguistic features being open-ended and ever changing
indexicality represents that the social and cultural order enters language and communicative behavior (Blommaert, 2005)
a study of stylistic practice
influenced by ideologies pertaining language
influenced by other ideologies that are more broadly social, political, and cultural in nature
commodification
identity
neoliberalism
indexicality is the phenomenon of a sign pointing to (or indexing) some object in the context in which it occurs.
Example
the changing of diphtong in the Martha's vineyearders (Eckert, 2012)
first-order indexical
those who lower the nucleus of the dipthong
so as to converge more closely to the pronunciation of the mainlanders
second-order indexical
those who avoid a lowering of the nucleus
projecting their identity as a specific kind of Vineyarder, as someone who is arguably more authentic than those other Vineyarders whose pronuciation more closely resmebles that of th emainlanders
the indexical order is multiple and it is typical
What is indexical order? (Michael Sirverstein, 2003)
the meaning of variables are not precise, for fixed but rather constitute a field of potential meaning (an indexical field)
indexical field
highlighting that a linguistic feature can be associated with 'a constellation of ideologically linked meanings, any region of which can be invoked in context' (Eckert, 2012)
the field is fluid, and
each new activation has the potential to change the field by building on idelogical connections
Example (Campbell-Kibler, 2007)
the velar variant (talking)
3 more items...
the non-velar variant (talkin')
1 more item...
Indexicality vs. posthumanist perspective
indexicality is an interpretation of signs
the interpretation of signs is not fully 'free'
constrained by what the signs already bring with them as parts of their meanings
the linguistic signs already imbued with conceptual content
speaker interprets/utilizes that sign based on his/her understanding of that content
signs have 'thing-power' (Bennett, 2010: 20)
intended to capture the fact that 'a lot happens to the concept of agency once nonhuman things are figured less as social construction and more as actors
once humans are assessed not as autonoms but as vital materialities (2010: 21)
Creativity Assembled
I purple you
Analysis
It is a verb
I will trust and love you for a long time
to express appreciation to ARMY by BTS
to express its devotion to BTS by ARMY
to signal their shared membership in ARMY by individual
a number of observations in the case of 'purple'
:check: problematizes the distinction between literary and common creativity
undoubtedly creative
giving a new meaning and new syntactic category to the color
changing indexicalities
purple = color
links the color to its position as the last color of the rainbow
primes the audiences to associate 'purple' with something positive
a verb to express unwavering affection, devotion, loyalty, and support
:check: one lexicogrammatical constructin has very wide usage
BTS and ARMAY is a huge community
:check: BTS is one of the most successful acts globally. The lexicogrammatical construction is a global act
a number of words and phrases tend to be associated with the phenomenon
the globalization of Korean culture drives linguistic changes
institutionalized and nativized version of English as the result of the globalization of Korean culture (Kachru)
breaking conventionalized usage to conform in ELF communication strategies (Widdowson, 2019)
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creativity and linguistic assemblage
The notion of assemblage: a reasonable and choerent account of such creativty
no language in its totality
the shifting change of puprle: linguistic assemblages
linguistic assemblage represent analyst's decision to focus on conventionally recognizable language such as 'purple'
linguistic assemblage foregrounds the conventionally linguistic
there is no reason to treat the linguistic as have properties that instrically separate it from non-linguistic (such as the use of purple heart emoji)
it is more about exteriority than interiority
In the case of 'purple' linguistic assemblage is not purely linguistic
it involves drawing on the celebrity or symbolic capital that the group enjoys
being able to use that to impose a new meaning and syntax on 'purple'
to convert that new usage into further multimodal variants can make in-group solidarity markers.
Sinful English
blurr the boundary between literary creativity and everyday talk
a sharp distinction between these two types of creativity is not really tenable
blurs neat boundaries that correlate specific Circles, communities f speakers and types creativity
Singlish is not something to be embarrased about
the way Singaporean speak to bring the meaning acrosss emotionally and efficiently
Singlish allows for more effective and quick communication
assemblage
roles played by non-human actos
YouTube
allowing for the dissemantion of the video
allowing for fans to upload their comments
reacting and creating a feedback loop that establishes awareness
help solidify the cultural reality of Singlish as a Singaporean and global phenomenon
Discussion
the need to highlight the theoretical import of linguistic changes in the occasion of the spread of English
the understanding of agency
creativity in World Englishes
creaitivity is not the matter of the existence of various Circles in English spread
the important role of assemblage in seeing the creativity in the WE tradition
assenblages are important since it enables the production and dissemination of language
assemblages acknowledge the roles played by technology and indexicality
objects, tool, technologies, texts, formulae, institutions and humans
are not understood as pertaining to different semotic realms
mutually constituting each other (Farias, 2010: 3)
Where can we find Korean English/SInglish?
demonstrating the assemblage nature of language
such question indicates geographical bias in analyzing creativity in World Englishes
problematic
presumes the single definitive nature
against post-humanist perspective
Singlish/Korean English is multiply enacted and assembled at concrete local sites
language is being constantly assembled and reassembled through the joint contributions
humans
technologies
inherited conventions of language use (indexicalities)
language as assemblage
a multiplicity which is made up of many heterogenous terms
ongoing and occuring at multiple sites
There is no labelling such as 'Korean English', 'Hallyu English'