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Exam 2 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Present atmospheric level oxygen
        
        20.9%
        
        535x more O2 than CO2
      - during appearance of land plants
        
        8-15x higher in CO2
        
        ~4% O2
        
        Kept tissues thin as internal environment quickly anoxic
        
        Very weak ozone
    - - 470Ma
      - Major evolutionary changes in morphology & reproduction
      - Multicellular sporophyte
      - Retain the zygote & embryo within the female gametophyte
      - Apical cells with 3 cutting faces allow for 3-dimensional parenchymatous tissue
  - - - Group includes Embryophyta and charophytes
  - - - Stomata
      - Conducting elements
      - Similar to extant liverworts
  - - - Egg protected by special layers of tissue
      - Completely dependent on sporophyte
    - - extinct
    - - naked
    - - hidden
- - - - limited by temperature and unknown above 74C
  - - - stages
        
        Thylakoid reaction
        
        light reaction
        
        dozens of pigments, specialized electron-handling complexes and all lined up precisely in membranes
        
        Stromal reactions
        
        Dark reactions
        
        Calvin-Benson- Bassham Cycle
    - - Causes electrons to become excited
      - Electron bumps to the next orbital
      - Fate of electron
        
        Passed to electron acceptor
        
        Fall back down to original orbital
        
        Releasing energy
        
        Heat
        
        fluorescence
    - - Amount of energy absorbed depends on the pigment
      - Electromagnetic spectrum holds much energy that cannot be used
      - Visible spectrum used
    - - A
        
        Most abundant pigment in plants
        
        Peak absorbance
        
        430 nm
        
        660 nm
      - B
        
        Peak absorbance
        
        650 nm
        
        450 nm
        
        Second most abundant pigment
    - - Carotenoids
      - Beta carotene
      - Help broaden absorption spectrum
      - Also act as sunscreen
      - Visible during the fall
    - - Energy absorption and excitation occurs in organized complexes of pigments & proteins called photosystems
      - Absorbed energy is moved around via resonance energy
      - Funnelled to reaction center
        
        Special Chlorophyll a
  - - - Antennal complex
      - Accessory pigments
      - Chlorophyll pigments
      - Reaction center
    - - P680
      - Absorb shorter wavelengths
      - Chl b >> Chl a
      - Hydrolysis
    - - P700
      - Absorb longer wavelengths
      - Chl a>>Chl b
    - - Electron passed from PSII to PSI
        
        Excited PSII electron grabbed by pheophytin
        
        Passed to plastoquinone
        
        Passed to cytochromeb6f complex
        
        Passed to plastocyanin
        
        Passed to PSI
      - Electron from PSI to NADP+
  - - - Flow of electrons does not directly create ATP
      - Electron flow coupled with flow of protons
      - Electron energy drops when flow through cytochrome complex
      - Drag protons across membrane
      - Electrons return to chlorophyll
      - Protons trapped in special internal chamber, thylakoids
      - PSI
      - Plastoquinone
      - Cytochrome b6f
      - Plastocyanin
    - - e- from PSII to NADPH
      - NADP+
        
        great oxidizer
        
        Final electron acceptor
      - Helps to build proton motive force
      - NADPH
        
        More powerful energy courier than ATP
        
        Sulfur bacteria beginnings
        
        One photosystem
        
        Pull electrons off hydrogen sulfide
        
        Chlorophyll = bacteriochlorophyll
        
        H2S
        
        Sulfur lower redox potential than oxygen
        
        structure similar to H2O
  - - - C3
      - Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase
      - Fixes CO2 into organic carbon
      - Calvin-Benson-Bassham pathway
      - Found in most autotrophs
      - Up to 50% total soluble protein in plant leaf or microbe
    - - CO2 bound to RuBP (C5)
      - CO2 bound to RuBP (C5)
    - - Energy from ATP stored into C3 molecule
      - Energetic electrons reduce C3 molecule
      - Ends in a pool of G3P (C3)
    - - Carbon shuffling
      - Get the RuBP back (C5)
      - Takes more ATP
    - - RuBisCO binds to 2 molecules
        
        CO2 & O2
      - At low CO2, binds to O2
      - Disadvantages
        
        Not as efficient
        
        Produces toxic by-product
      - Sometimes advantageous
        
        High light tolerance
        
        Reduce photo-inhibition
        
        Provides metabolites for other processes, including stress protection proteins
        
        Alpine environments
        
        Drought prone environments
        
        High salinity environments
    - - Production of glucose
      - Building from smaller molecules
      - Occurs in
        
        Chloroplasts
        
        Amyloplasts
        
        Cytosol
- - - - Provides ATP for potassium pump
      - Protons are pumped out
      - Potassium are moved in
      - Ancestral condition filled with chloroplasts
        
        Independent of blue light
      - Closure at night or under water stress
    - - Amount of water loss to carbon gain
      - Close pore during water stress
        
        Reduce transpiration
        
        Maintain hydration
      - Derived character
      - Reduce probability of cavitation
      - ABA responsive in seed plants
        
        Angiosperms additionally respond to VPD
  - - - No intercellular space
  - - - Aid in diffusion of minerals and nutrients from gametophyte to sporophyte
      - cell death
  - - - Same direction as epidermal cells
      - Dumbbell shape
    - - Random orientation
      - Kidney-shaped
  - - - Active metabolic processes
        
        Increase turgor pressure
        
        Moves ions, water follows by osmosis
        
        Hypotonic to hypertonic
      - Cytoskeleton microfibrils radially oriented
- - - - Short-lived
      - Simple
      - Small, temporary structure
      - Parasitic on gametophyte
      - Meiosis occurs within sporangium #
        
        Sporocytes
        
        diploid
        
        Spores
        
        haploid
      - Micro = male
      - Mega = female
    - - Relatively complex
      - Persistent
  - - - Marchantia liverwort example
      - Dominant leafy gametophyte
      - Temporary diploid sporophyte
    - - Dominant life stage
      - Archegoniophore
        
        Female
        
        Archegonia
        
        Archegonia
        
        Contain eggs
        
        Contain eggs
        
        female
      - Antheridiophore
        
        Antheridia
        
        Contain sperm
        
        male
- - - - Synapomorphy
        
        apomorphy shared by two or more taxa
        
        hypothesized to have evolved in their most recent common ancestor
        
        synonymous with homology
      - Apomorphy
        
        derived novel trait
      - Autapomorphy
        
        newer
      - Plesiomorphy
        
        older
      - Homoplasy
        
        traits
        
        gained or lost independently in separate lineages during evolution
        
        convergent evolution leads to species independently sharing a trait that is different from the trait inferred to have been present in their common ancesto
      - Convergence
        
        independent evolution of a similar trait in two or more taxa.
  - - - Prophase
      - Metaphase
      - Anaphase
      - Telophase
      - Cytokinesis
  - - - Apical bud
      - Filamentous
  - - - Large complex plants
      - Specialized organ systems
    - - not unique mutants
    - - Cooksonia eg