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Mood Disorders and Suicide, Treatments - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Relapse: The return of symptoms within a fairly short period of time
      - Recurrence: The onset of a new episode of depression (40-50%)
    - - Genetics: Moderate genetic contribution
        
        Serotonin-transporter gene, having two short alleles (diathesis-stress model)
      - Neurochemical factors
        
        Absolute or relative depletion of either or both the norepinephrine and serotonin neurotransmitters
        
        Dopamine dysfunction
      - Sleep and other biological rhythms
      - Biological explanations for sex differences
      - Abnormalities or hormonal regulatory and immune systems
    - - Stressful life events involved in precipitating depression (loss of loved one, severe economic or health problems)
        
        Independent life events (events that are independent of the person's behaviour and personality) vs dependent life events (events that may have been at least partly generated by the depressed person's behaviour or personality)
        
        Minor events may play more of a role in recurrent episodes than the initial episode
      - Diatheses
        
        Personality and cognition: Neuroticism or negative affect
        
        Early adversity
      - Behavioural theories: Depression occurs when individual's response no longer produce positive reinforcement or when rate of negative reinforcement increases
      - Beck's Cognitive Theory: Cognitive symptoms of depression often precede and cause the affective or mood symptoms, rather than vice versa.
        
        Underlying dysfunctional beliefs (depressogenic schemas) are rigid, extreme, and counterproductive, creating a pattern of negative automatic thoughts
        
        Negative cognitive triad: Negative thoughts about the self, world, and future
      - Helplessness and hopelessness theories of depression
        
        Reformulated Helplessness Theory: The kinds of attributions people make as to why they encounter uncontrollable negative events are central to become depressed. If they have a pessimistic attributional style, they have a vulnerability for depression
        
        Hopelessness Theory of depression: Pessimistic attributional style in conjunction with negative life event was not sufficient to produce depression unless one first experienced a state of hopelessness
        
        Hopelessness expectancy: Perception that one had no control over what was going to happen, and that something bad will definitely happen
        
        Internal and external dimensions are unimportant to depression
        
        Ruminative Response styles theory of depression: Those with negative cognitive styles tend to ruminate (repetitive and relatively passive mental activity) and more likely to develop depression
    - - Lack of social support and social-skills deficits
      - Effects of depression on others: Negative feelings and rejection in other people
      - Marriage and family life
        
        High correlation between marital dissatisfaction and depression for both women and men
        
        Marital distress increases relapse for depression
        
        Parental depression puts children at high risk for depression
  - - - Hypomanic episode: Abnormally elevated, expansive, or irritable mood for at least 4 days; the person must also have at least 3 other symptoms similar to those involved in mania
    - - Mixed episode: Symptoms of both manic and major depressive episodes for at least 1 week, either intermixed or alternating rapidly every few days.
        
        Person experiences full-blown mania, but does not experience major depression
    - - Person does not experience full-blown mania, but experiences major depression
    - - Genetic influences
      - Neurochemical factors
      - Abnormalities of hormonal regulatory systems
    - - Stressful life events: Activating underlying vulnerability
      - Others: Low social support, neuroticism