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IB History - Cold War Conflicts and Rivalries, The Roots of Friction,…

- - - - What was the mistake made by Roosevelt?
        
        FDR wanted to ingratiate himself into Stalin, making clear to him real differences
        
        Further stressing divisions with western powers and Russia
      - Why were the Soviets in a strong position to take Poland and much of Eastern Europe?
        
        They were in possession of key territory
      - What decisions over Poland and Eastern Europe were made at Yalta?
        
        Fair and free elections were established in Poland
      - What was decided about Germany and the war?
        
        Split into four territories
  - - - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=22KIQ1QNnhE
    - - What was Truman's attitude towards Stalin at Potsdam?
        
        Truman declared that the promises in Yalta have not been met
      - How did this differ to what had happened at Yalta?
        
        They didn't know how to carry out agreements
      - Why did Stalin not have to join the war in the Pacific?
        
        Stalin's troops were actually ready
        
        Stalin pulled out because of new testing of the new nuke
      - Why was Stalin not surprised about the Atomic Bomb?
        
        From espionage and spies lmao
- - - - They don't want Poland to be independent
- - - - British entrepenouers exploited tin and ruber
      - Tin and rubber was the main export
      - Enriched the empire
      - WW2 had Japan driven Britain from Singapore
    - - Sultans led local gov'ts
      - Melting pot of ethnic groups
      - Exploited for resources
    - - Muslim Majority
      - Large Ethnic Chinese Population
      - Large Ethnic Indian Population
      - Ethnicities come from heavily dependent forced labourers
- - - - Policy of Containment
      - If your country is ridden by communists, call us to exterminate them!
    - - https://docs.google.com/document/d/1if4YMz1ZAGBJP51SvRa3eKxh_4R92kqtWurBAnCwj-g/edit
      - Questions about the NSC68
        
        What does this report identify as threats facing the United States?
        
        Soviet threat a.k.a. Russian expansionism.
        
        "The gravest threat"
        
        The H-bomb capable of destructions
        
        What does it see as aims of the USSR?
        
        WORLD DOMINATION
        
        Historian Andrew Bacewich sees this as too alarmist
        
        What solutions does it put forward to deal with threats facing the USA?
        
        Lots of financial sacrifices
        
        Lost of investing in the long term
        
        Money would fuel rearmament
        
        How is this document both similar and different to that of the Truman Doctrine?
        
        Similar
        
        Heavy theme of containment
        
        Different
        
        More violent form of prevention (uses bombs)
  - - - Might be because of fear
- - - - South Korean Gov't was illegitimate
      - Saw US as an unpatriotic superpower
    - - Strife and civil war was inevitable
    - - Stalin was reluctant; saw it as a liability
  - - - Both USA and USSR less willing to cooperate
      - USA put Syngman Rhee as South Korean leader
      - USSR put Kim Il Sung Rhee as North Korean leader
      - Both were Korean Nationalists wanted to end division in Korea and saw themselves as the legitimate leader of Korea
- - - - What happened in the first stages of the war?
        
        Rhee's Koreans retreated with the refugees
        
        It was a huge tactical and symbolic victory
        
        North Korea leads successful invasion of Seoul
      - What was the state of the US army at this time?
        
        Lack of reinforcements pushed back Americans - they fared just as bad as the Koreans
        
        They were retreating in disarray
        
        Both were unready from fatigue and old equipment
        
        The UN agreed to create an army for the Americans made up of ex-American Japanese occupation force to fight North Koreans
      - What gamble did MacArthur take in September 1950?
        
        Britain and the UN was. very supportive of anti-communism
        
        MacAurthur took a gamble to turn the tide by attacking from Pusan on Inchon (it was a waterborne fight)
        
        Inchon was attacked and bombarded attacked by Korean and American infantry
        
        5000 civilians killed in crossfire
        
        They wanted to isolate Inchon
      - What was the problem with Syngman Rhee’s regime?
        
        Rhee was reinstated after MacArthur captured Seoul. Both shared a very viscous relationship
        
        "Difficult to control", "compulsive"
      - How did the aim of the UN army change?
        
        Aimed to unify the whole Korean peninsula
        
        UN and US was on hot pursuit into North Korea
      - What was China’s reaction to this and why?
        
        China was alarmed by American advances and fears of invasion
        
        Only the Yalu river separated them
        
        Secret cables from Stalin wanted Mao to intervene. He agreed.
        
        MacArthur assured the President that CHina wouldn't attack
        
        The Chinese volunteer army marched and was very politically motivated to keep Americans off commie land
        
        MacArthur was very lenient and slept on the Chinese
        
        The Chinese ambushed and attacked with bugles. They overwhelmed the Americans
      - What was the impact of this on the UN army?
        
        Many military equipment had to be left behind
        
        Forced to use scorched earth policies on captured towns
        
        Panic mode (bugout mode)
      - Why were nuclear weapons not used?
        
        Journalists constantly asked whether or not Truman was going to use the atom bomb
        
        Tit for tat mentality - if they use it, the USSR will use it too
      - What was the role of the Soviet Union in the Korean War? How did they carry out this role?
        
        Sent new Soviet fighter with pro pilots to challenge American air superiority
        
        Risks open, direct conflict
        
        Soviet involvement must be kept secret
        
        Both sides were scared for creating another World War 3
      - Why was General MacArthur sacked?
        
        Suggested the nuking of Chinese cities with ten or something nukes
        
        Truman wants to keep the war in Korea and not endanger people in other countries
    - - Why is this known as America’s ‘forgotten war’
        
        No mentions by Korea on the newspapers
      - What was the impact of the Korean War on Japan?
        
        Galvanised the economy from electronics and transport
        
        Helped to become more capitalist and anticommunist
      - What was the impact of the war on Korea itself?
        
        POW count was high and stayed in S Korea
        
        Infrastructure destroyed from bombings; both in Seoul and Pyongyang
      - What factors helped to end the war?
        
        Peace talks over atrocities by both sides
        
        No one except for Stalin wanted peace
      - What the impact of the war for China?
        
        Stalin died and was mourned
        
        Many wanted to end the wars started by Stalin
        
        More interested in getting along with other coutnries
      - Why did the war keep going until 1953?
        
        The existence of POWs
        
        The stalemate in the hills
      - What the impact of the war for the US?
        
        Eisenhower's pro-anti-communst rhetoric was popular
- - - - Capable of outproducing all the other great powers
      - War proved beneficial for american economy
      - IMF and GATT gave more influence over global economy and trade
      - Good at projecting strength
      - The USSR lacked any powerful neighbours which allowed them to be the most dominant power in Europe and Eastern Asia
      - Large manpower (and womanpower) for industry and farming
    - - US
        
        Ideological influence
        
        Came out of the war better off than the rest of Europe, especially former stars like Britain and France
        
        In turn being the biggest in trade and exports
      - USSR
        
        The nation that conquered Berlin first, and planted a flag over the reichstag
        
        Received a large patch of eastern europe
        
        Initiation of police activities in the bordering nations,
        
        Establishment of puppet government in bordering nations
        
        Lack of competitors in Eastern Europe and Asia
        
        The centre of communism- hugely popular in the period of decolonisation in hotspots like Vietnam, India, Malaysia, etc.
    - - Atomic bomb
      - Twelve million men in the armed forces,
      - Seventy thousand naval vessels
      - 73,000 aircraft.
      - The success of the Red Army was used as propaganda depicting communism as the political system all nations would move towards
      - Spies allowed Stalin to learn about the atomic bomb and eventually develop one of his own - unfazed by the Allies
- - - - Heavy need to contain USSR's ideology
      - USSR was aggressively expansionist to an extent
      - Communism was irrationally feared
      - Military Industrial Complex - US industry and military was profitting
      - Believes that the free market could make relations flourish
    - - Anti commie aid was funded by congress
      - There was a communist uprising in Greece and Turkey
      - Stalin didn't support or was interested in Greek commies
      - Turkey also had access to the Dardenelles
      - Soviets wanted to transport Iran oil
    - - Communist parties were gaining traction Western Europe
      - Asian colonies were also getting really upset
    - - Promised protection of Greece from 'subjugation'
      - First financial investment of the US in the western hemisphere
      - Saw themselves as a liberator and protector of freedom
  - - - Provision of aid to revive the economies of Europe
      - In addition to giving foreign aid to Eastern
      - Meant to be an attempt to weaken Soviet control
- - - - CNN Cold War Video
      - https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1qp9L4WkZCIbzE0AGKJ492kYidATclcsjxV8fKcJiBoc/edit#slide=id.g16425450ef4_0_1
      - See Slide 2
    - - What were Stalin's aims in Eastern Europe?
        
        Assert sphere of influence
        
        I.e. spread communism
        
        No necessary annexations
        
        See salami tactics
      - What was Stalin worried about?
        
        POW uprisings/disloyalty in East Europe
        
        Western intervention and encirclement
      - By what means did Stalin extend control in Poland?
        
        Puppet governments in East German territory
        
        Arrests of Polish and Russian dissidents and intellectuals
        
        Constant condemnation of capitalism and imperialism
      - What was the impact of the Kennan telegram?
        
        8000 word telegram where the USSR will take over the world
        
        High alarmist tone
      - How did Stalin react to "Iron Curtain" Churchill's speech?
        
        Churchill's speech was in Turman's old uni
        
        Stalin compared Churchill with Hitler as a belligerent call to arms
        
        Churchill was very alarmist and ominous
      - What was the significance of Stalin's actions in Iran?
        
        The Suez Canal and Turkey was a target to Russia
        
        Stalin made an appearance by staying there
      - How did arguments over Germany increase tension?a
        
        America wanted no more German reparation
        
        Russia wanted as much German money as possible
        
        Foreign Minister Molotov was very reluctant
      - What was the significance of the Stuttgart Speech?
  - - - What was the USA’s concern about events in Europe after 1947?
        
        Poverty and instability as everywhere
        
        Communism was getting popular
        
        These countries could end up like Russia
        
        Homes and industries destroyed and crippled
      - What was significant about GB’s actions with regard to Greece and Turkey
        
        Financial crisis ended British life support of aid to Greece and Turkey
        
        Eastern mediterranean might fall to communism
        
        Truman wanted to take an offensive in 'maintaining their freedom'
        
        Isolationist congress was surprisingly moved
        
        General Marshall will be leading the charge
      - What was Stalin’s idea for Germany?
        
        Interview revealed that Stalin had a stalling method
        
        By creating diverse political ideologies, they're more likely to fight over ideals and hence more over communism
        
        Wanted to keep it on its knees to prevent uprising
      - What was the West’s idea for Germany?
        
        Germany needed to be on its feet to recover itself
        
        Swift action is needed
    - - https://docs.google.com/document/d/18GDcDIyVZzHPYoOC9mQL9lZPMqF1aoWrymonzkKEeMY/edit
    - - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g0I6UVPkGWM
    - - What was Marshall’s Plan?
        
        Vast scale of aid to European countries
        
        No poverty = no communism
        
        Western Europe experienced lots of growth
        
        Eastern Europe did not because it was gatekeeped by the USSR
      - What was the Soviet reaction to this plan?
        
        A conspiracy to pull away the Soviet Union
      - What did Soviet intelligence reveal about the Marshall Plan
        
        Soviet spies revealed documents from London
        
        Exclusion of American messages from the Soviets upset them
      - How was Czechoslovakia prevented from taking par in the Marshall Plan
        
        Third of the Czech gov't were commies
        
        All of them supported the Marshall plan
        
        Stalin was very upset by the delegation's choice
        
        Eventually rejected by Stalin
        
        Those who supported were seen as traitors
    - - What was the Soviet view of the Marshall Plan
        
        Seen as an attempt to create an sphere of influence
        
        Seen as aggressive and beligerent
        
        M.P. never accepted
      - What actions did the Soviet take in response?
        
        COMINFORM group was created
        
        Compiled Eastern commie countries
      - What was the difference between Cominform and COMECON
        
        COMECON sent aid to poor and unfortunate farmers
        
        Both were direct responses to foreign spread
        
        COMECON was to provide economic assisstence
        
        COMINFORM was to spread the commie ideology
        
        Both were also supportive on communism
      - What happened in Czechoslovakia in 1948?
        
        Workers and militia marched in protests
        
        Many non-commies were arrested
        
        Police forces and labour unions were overtaken by commie gov't
        
        Death of prominent foreign minister indicated 'the end' of the free gov't
- - - - Reparations may be taken from their own zones
      - Denazified and demilitarised
      - Provide services and reconstruction to the people
  - - - Control over banks
      - Nationalised industry and commerce
      - Powerful 'Junker' farmers were fired and replaced them with large, estate farms
      - Secret police created
    - - School books promoted and taught socialist instead of Nazi ideals
  - - - Moderate, liberal model
    - - SDP and KPD party re-established, even though they were socialist/communist
      - Christian Dominion
      - UK and US territory combined into Bizonia in 1947
- - - - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G-qu7Qs8410
      - Slide 25 https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1qp9L4WkZCIbzE0AGKJ492kYidATclcsjxV8fKcJiBoc/edit#slide=id.p27
    - - Causes
        
        Both sides introduced new currencies
        
        The American currency (Deutchmark) was bigger than the Soviet's currency
        
        The American currency and economy was integrated into East Germany
        
        Undermining of Soviet sovereignty - now America has more control
      - Events and Practices
        
        USSR creates blockade on East Berlin's transportation lines; railways and airspace, etc.
        
        East Berliners were starved to near death
        
        Coal and food were prevented from being transported
        
        The Soviets' ultimate goal was to kick out the Americans
      - Response
        
        The US flew in the supplies instead
        
        The USSR can't shoot down the planes as it would be an act of war
        
        The Germans were very favourable of the Americans
  - - - The Federal Republic of Germany (FDR) (West Germany) was established as an independent nation in 1949
      - USA portrayed the blockade as USSR attempt to kick out the west out of Germany
      - Now, the West German gov't was willing to guarantee US protection and a separate state
    - - The US also confirmed the threat of the Soviets and the need for containment
      - The US mentality changed from isolationist into commitment.
      - The blockade showed the lengths of American will to fight
  - - - They were initially very reluctant
      - Eventually, this leads to a new country being created, into the German Democratic Republic