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Expansion of Visual Languages - Coggle Diagram
Expansion of Visual Languages
Generational Gaps
As sign language evolved, older signers retain older signs while younger signers use newer signs
Rochestor Method
Created by
Dr. Zenas Westerfelt
in 1878, as he believed that deaf children should be exposed to correct English.
A method in which every letter of all communication is finger spelled with the hand so that the students lipread while reading the fingerspelling simultaneously
The method fell out of favor during the 1980s, due to its tedious and time-consuming actions of spelling everything manually, and reading the spelling in such a restricted space
Combined Method
The term
combined
was coined by
Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet
while he was in Europe as he tried to combine features from both the
English and French
mode of instruction
The underlying philosophy behind the combined method of instruction was that the approach
should fit the method to the child and not the child to the method
Artificial Sign Communication Systems
Seeing Essential English (SEE I) , Signing Exact English (SEE II), Linguistics of Visual English (LOVE), Signed English, Pidgin Signed English
Seeing Essential English (SEE I)
: Created by David Anthony (a deaf educator of the deaf), theorized that if English had one word that was used to represent many different meanings, why couldn't ASL have the same principle?
Created many signs that were unfamiliar to many sign language traditionalists for word ending such as -ing, -ness, and -ly.
Signing Exact English (SEE II)
: Developed By deaf woman Gerilee Gustason, followed Anthony's basic rules of
SEE I
however she choose to use traditional ASL signs
Linguistics of Visual English (LOVE)
Created by
Dennis Wampler
in 1971, similar to SEE I with the one word principle
Developed signs for the first letter of the word as part of the signs, example
O
for
operational
Pidgin Signed English
Using ASL in English word order, used between deaf and hearing people
Simplest form of manual English
Signed English
Initialized by
Harry Bornstein
(hearing professor at Gallaudet)
Most signs were made up of one meaning, considered a one sign principle
Reasons for Artificial Sign Communication System
Learning ASL's framework proved challenging for people who aren't deaf, thus if signed in english order hearing individuals would be able to better understand
Educators believed that developing a sign language based on English would help deaf individuals learn English more effectively.
Simultaneous communication (SimCom)
Speaking while signing, allows receivers to hear or read lips of any missed words within conversations
Disadvantages
: speaker ends up speaking and stops signing, signers skips signs, produce sloppy fingerspelling,
Total Communication
Roy Holcomb (1968) Father of Total Communication
believed, Deaf child has a right to multiple approaches (gestures, sign language, speech, speechreading, fingerspelling, writing, reading), used in mainstream settings
Cued Speech
Coined by
Orin Cornett
, 8 handshapes are used in 4 locations to differentiate vowel phonemes as a spoken language aid.