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Exam 2 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - antennal complex
        
        accesory pigments
        
        chlorophyll pigments
        
        reaction center
        
        found in
        
        thylakoid lumen membrane of chloroplast
        
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  - - - Molecules that absorb particular wavelengths of light energy and reflect others
        
        Plants appear green because pigments reflect green light
        
        Plant Pigments
        
        Chlorophyll a
        
        most abundant
        
        Creates
        
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        peak absorbance
        
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        scytonemin
        
        "sunscreen" protects from UV radiation
        
        hemoglobin
        
        Common ancestor of chlorophyll
        
        chlorophyll b
        
        2nd most abundant
        
        Peak absorbance
        
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        beta carotene
        
        carotenoids #
        
        Help broaden absorption spectrum, visible in fall
        
        absorbed light energy
        
        causes e- to become excited
        
        e- bump to next orbital
        
        fate of e-
        
        passed to e- acceptor
        
        fall back down to original orbit
        
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        absorbance spectrum
        
        Amount of energy absorbed depends on type of pigment
        
        Electromagnetic spectrum holds much energy that cannot be used
        
        visible spectrum is used
        
        resonance energy #
        
        Energy absorption and excitation occurs in organized complexes of pigments & proteins called photosystems
        
        Absorbed energy is moved around via resonance energy
        
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  - - - Function
        
        Gas and water exchange
        
        Gas exchange causes stomata to open and close
        
        Oxygen out, carbon dioxide in
      - Evolution
        
        One of the earliest features of land plants
        
        400 MYA
    - - Guard cells
        
        specialized parenchyma cells
        
        Function
        
        Regulation of stromal opening
        
        How?
        
        Guard cells increase turgor pressure
        
        Moves ions, water follows by osmosis
        
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        GC Closed
        
        Photorespiration is at max
        
        No water in GC
        
        GC Open
        
        photorespiration is a minimum
        
        water in GC
  - - - 2 stages
        
        Stromal reactions
        
        dark driven
        
        also called Calvin-Benson- Bassham Cycle
        
        Steps
        
        fixation
        
        reduction
        
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        CO2 bound to RuBP (C5)
        
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        Thylakoid reactions
        
        light driven
- - - - Sporophyte
        
        Starts with
        
        Algal ancestor
        
        Haplontic Lifecycle
        
        haploid (1n)
        
        1n organisms produce 1n gametes
        
        Gametes fuse in fertilization
        
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        life cycle includes only gametophyte generation in land plants,
        
        where did the sporophyte come from?
        
        Antithetic theory
        
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        What is it?
        
        Developed
        
        from a fertilized egg (zygote) that results from the fusion of gametes (fertilization) formed by the gametophytes
        
        Reproduction
        
        asexual
        
        meiotic division gives rise to spores
        
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        Function
        
        Production of spores
        
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        Small temporary structure
        
        Parts
        
        Seta
        
        Long stalk
        
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        Capsule
        
        Parts
        
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        Foot
        
        Lower portion
        
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        Diploid (2n)
        
        spore making plant
    - - Most lack complex tissue organization
        
        dominant generation is the gametophyte
        
        Non-vascular seed-less plants
        
        Moss's (Bryophyta)
        
        Liverworts (Marchantiophyta)
        
        Hornworts (Anthocerotophyta)
    - - More CO2 in atmosphere
      - Terrestrialization
        
        470 MYA
      - Fossil evidence
      - Major evolutionary innovations
        
        Development of
        
        Sporophyte generation
        
        Vascular tissue
        
        Leaves & stomata
        
        Roots
        
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  - - - 2 distinct multicellular adult generations
        
        Sporophyte generation
        
        Asexual phase that produces spores
        
        Sporophyte (2n)
        
        Undergoes
        
        Meiosis
        
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        Diploid (2n)
        
        Gametophyte generation #
        
        Haploid (1n)
        
        sexual phase that produces gametes
        
        Archegonial head
        
        Female
        
        Anchored to gametophyte
        
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        Antheridial head
        
        Male
        
        Flat top portion of antheridiopore #
        
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  - - - Complicated cell division
        
        one 2n parent cell cell divides twice to produce four 1n daughter cells
    - - Simple cell division
        
        one 2n parent cell divides into two 1n identical daughter cells
- - - - Talking about new trait, not seen in other lineages, unique to species
    - - Traits derived because of ancestors
    - - Trait more ancient
    - - newest trait to be derived
    - - Traits derived because of location, not ancestrially
  - - - laid foundation for polysporangiate
- - - - Flow of e- does not directly create ATP
        
        e- flow coupled with flow of protons
        
        e- energy drops when flow through cytochrome complex
        
        e- return to chlorophyll
        
        Protons trapped in special internal chamber, thylakoids
        
        Drag protons across membrane
      - Flow of e- #
        
        PSI
        
        Plastoquinone
        
        Cytochrome b6f
        
        Plastocyanin
    - - e- from PSII to NADPH
        
        NADP+
        
        great oxidizer
        
        final electron acceptor
        
        Helps to build proton motive force
        
        importance of
        
        NADPH
        
        more powerful energy carrier than atp
        
        Water is ultimate source of e- to reduce NADP->NADPH
      - flow of e-
        
        PSII
        
        Plastoquinone
        
        cytochrome b6f
        
        plastocyanin
        
        PSI
        
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      - Flow of e- from water to NADPH #