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alexander 2+3 1855-1894 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - 1874-75 conscription time was shortened, punishments were made less severe, modern weaponry was introduced
    - - 1864-70 local governments were established called Zemstva. these were chosen through a system of 'electoral colleges' separate from nobles, and peasants. they were given power to improve public services
    - - poeple could now have lawyers to defend themselves, judges were appointed by the tsar and given training and pay and courts were open to the public
    - - Universities could govern themselves, the responsibility for schooling moved from the church to the Zemstva, primary and secondary education was extended, schools were open to all regardless of class and sex
    - - restrictions on publishers were lessend
  - - - they had to pay redemption payments
      - they remained on the Mir until these redemption payments were payed
      - this meant they no longer were conscripted into the army
- - - - the nobles owned most of the factories, lots of them also owned their own businesses. They had roles in the Zemstva and after the great famine some belived that they could form an opposing government
    - - The group of landowners was a small diverse group of noble status. after emancipation their personal land holdings declined and some sold out to pay off debts
    - - the peasants were divided at the top there were kulaks who bought up land and sometimes employed peasants to help. the poorest peasants were finding life very difficult and were dependant on others.
    - - the expansion of industry led to the growth in working class people. the number of urban workers were small. the conditions in the cities were bad and the early factories paid little. there were a few reforms which stopped excess fines and child labour but the conditions were still bad
    - - with the urban expansion the middle class started to grow. professions such as Bankers, doctors, teachers and administrators. it was the smallest group with having lesson than half a million in 1897. government started contracts to build railways and state loans to set up factorie