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Biology 2 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Urinary system
        
        Kidney
        
        Hilus
        
        Renal vein, renal artery, nerves are connected to kidney at hilus
        
        Renal pyramid
        
        Conical structure in medulla
        
        Radial stripe indicate numerous kidney tubules (nephrons)
        
        Structure of nephron
        
        Bowman’s capsule
        
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        Proximal convoluted tubule (1st)
        
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        Loop of Henlé U
        
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        Distal convoluted tubule (2nd)
        
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        Collecting duct
        
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        Renal pelvis
        
        Enlarged portion of the uterer in kidney
        
        Osmoregulation
        
        Control of water and solute concentrations in body to maintain constant water potential in body
        
        High water potential in blood
        
        Hypothalamus in brain is stimulated
        
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        Controlled by antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
        
        Produced by hypothalamus
        
        Released by pituitary glands
        
        Kidney failure
        
        Common causes
        
        High blood pressure, diabetes, alcohol abuse, severe accidents that physically damage kidney, complications from major surgery
        
        Dialysis machine
        
        How it works
        
        Blood is drawn from vein, pumped into dialysis machine through tubing
        
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        Features
        
        Dialysis fluid contains same concentration of essential substances (glucose, amino acids) as blood
        
        Dialysis fluid does not contain metabolic waste products
        
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        Tubing is narrow, long & coiled
        
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        Direction of blood flow is opposite to flow of dialysis fluid
        
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        Importance: excretory organ, osmoregulator
        
        Ureter
        
        2 tubes that connect kidney to urinary bladder
        
        Urinary bladder
        
        Elastic muscular bag that stores urine
        
        Sphincter muscle
        
        Bottom of bladder
        
        Controls urination - relax to let urine flow out of body
        
        Urethra
        
        duct through which urine passes from urinary bladder to outside of body
      - The process by which metabolic waste products & toxic substances are removed from the body
        
        Metabolic waste products:
        
        Excess mineral salts, nitrogenous waste products like urea (kidney & skin)
        
        Excess water (kidney)
        
        Bile pigments - breakdown of haem. (liver)
        
        Carbon dioxide (removed in lungs)
    - - body temperature
        
        skin
        
        epidermis
        
        hair shaft
        
        sweat pore
        
        dermis
        
        blood capillaries
        
        hair erector muscle
        
        contracts –> hair will “stand on end”/become erect –> traps more still air in between the hair strands
        
        air is a poor conductor of heat –> lose heat slower from blood to surrounding air by radiation, conduction, convection
        
        thermoreceptor
        
        sweat gland + duct
        
        stimulated to produce sweat
        
        more body heat in blood can be lost as latent heat when water in the sweat evaporates
        
        arterioles
        
        vasoconstriction
        
        less blood flow to blood capillaries
        
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        vasodilation
        
        body temp ⬆️ above normal
        
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        muscles in arteriole wall relax
        
        shunt vessels
        
        connects skin arteriole & skin venule
        
        dilate –> less blood flow to skin surface –> less heat loss
        
        subcutaneous fat
        
        adipose tissue (insulating layer)
        
        metabolic activities + vigorous exercise release a lot of heat
        
        monitored & regulated by hypothalamus
        
        thermoreceptors in hypothalamus to sense blood temperature
        
        shivering
        
        reflex muscle contraction –> release more heat
      - water potential
        
        ADH ⬆️
      - blood glucose level
        
        insulin
        
        blood glucose level above normal –> islets of langerhans in pancreas is stimulated + secretes insulin into bloodstream
        
        insulin stimulate reaction of excess glucose –> glycogen (in liver & muscles)
        
        glucagon
        
        secreted by islets of langerhans into bloodstream
        
        glycogen –> glucose (in liver & muscles)
        
        glucose enters bloodstream from liver
    - - sequence of events that restore the system back to its original state when it is disturbed
        
        stimulus (condition rises/decreases above/below normal)
        –> receptor –> self corrective mechanism –> feedback to receptor
  - - - Motor neurone
        
        Star shaped cell body
        
        transmit nerve impulses from relay neurone to effector
      - Relay neurone
        
        transmit nerve impulses from sensory neurone to motor neurone across a synapse
        
        synapse - junction between 2 neurones
      - Sensory neurone
        
        transmit nerve impulses from receptor to relay neurone
        
        circular cell body
      - Parts
        
        Dendron
        
        transmit nerve impulses towards cell body of neurone
        
        Axon
        
        transmit nerve impulses away from cell body of neurone
        
        Myelin Sheath
        
        insulates axon & speeds up transmission of nerve impulses (electrical messages)
        
        Node of Ranvier
        
        regions where the myelin sheath is absent
        
        Axon terminal
        
        Motor end plate
    - - Brain
      - Spinal Cord
        
        Dorsal root (contains sensory neurone)
        
        towards back
        
        Dorsal root ganglion (swelling of dorsal root - contains cell body of sensory neurone)
        
        Ventral root (only motor neurone)
        
        towards the front
      - Grey matter - cell body of neurones
        
        outer layer of brain, central part of spinal cord
      - White matter - nerve fibres
      - Central canal
        
        contains cerebrospinal fluid - brings nutrients to spinal cord (e.g. glucose)
    - - nerves
        
        cranial nerves (from brain)
        
        spinal nerves (from spinal cord)
        
        dorsal root + ventral root (both sensory & motor neurone)
        
        bundle of nerve fibres
      - receptors
    - - unconscious action, nerve impulses produced in receptors, immediate & fast
      - Reflex arc
        
        shortest pathway by which nerve impulses travel from the receptor to the effector in a reflex action
    - - conscious action, nerve impulses produced in forebrain, slower & can be modified
  - - - choroid
        
        black - prevent internal reflection of light
        blood vessel - diffusion of O2, nutrients and removal of metabolic waste products
      - cornea
        
        greatest refraction of light
      - aqueous & vitreous chamber
        
        keep eyeball firm, refract light
      - retina
        
        photoreceptors - cones, rods (*visual purple)
      - iris
        
        circular and radial muscles
      - sclera
        
        protect against mechanical damage
      - fovea
      - pupil
      - suspensory ligaments
      - ciliary body
      - eye lens
    - - dim light
        
        pupil dilates - radial muscles contract, circular muscles relax
      - bright light
        
        pupil becomes smaller - radial muscles relax, circular muscles contract
        
        visual purple in retina is bleached
      - far
        
        ciliary muscles relax, suspensory muscles taut
        eye lens - thinner, less convex
      - near
        
        ciliary muscles contract, suspensory ligaments less taut
        eye lens - thicker, more convex