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UNIT 20. AUXILIARY AND MODAL VERBS - Coggle Diagram
UNIT 20. AUXILIARY AND MODAL VERBS
PRIMARY VERBS
BE
SEMANTICALLY: EXISTENCE OF OR GIVES INFO
FUNCTIONS
COPULAR
IMPERSONAL
DISTANCE
CLEFT SENTENCES
AUXILIARY
ASPECT AUXILIARY FOR CONTINUOUS (IS/BEEN)
PASSIVE AUXILIARY: RESULT OF ACTION
HAVE
TAKES A DIRECT OBJECT
FUNCTIONS
EXPRESS POSSESSION (PERMANENT OR PARTICULAR MOMENT). LATTER NORMALLY WITH GOT INFORMAL.
EXPRESS HABITUAL ACTIONS
MEANING OF TAKE (LITTLE DIFFERENCE) OR GIVE (+ IN SPOKEN ENGLISH)
CAUSATIVE USE: CAUSE SOMETHING TO BE DONE BY SOMEONE ELSE.
AUXILIARY FOR PERFECT ASPECT
PRESENT PERFECT
PAST PERFECT
FUTURE PERFECT: SHIFTS FOCUS TO THE FUTURE
PERFECT CONDITIONAL
HAVE + TO + INFINITIVE
OBLIGATION
LOGICAL NECESSITY OR DEDUCTION
DO
MIAN VERB
IN INTERROGATIVE AND NEGATIVE: DO AND DID (PRESENT AND PAST)
AUXILIARY AND MAIN VERB
DO WITH THAT AND IT IN SHORT FORM SENTENCES
AS AN
AUXILIARY
: QUESTIONS AND NEGATIVES
SEMANTICALLY
PERFORM ACTION OR ACTIVITY
SIMILAR TO MAKE BUT MORE GENERAL
FORMAL GREETINGS
IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS
VERB CLASSES
VERB AS AN ELEMENT OF VERB PHRASE (SUBJECT, OBJECT)
VERB AS A WORD CLASS (ADJECTIVE, NOUN)
FULL/LEXICAL VERBS
: INDEPENDENT EXISTENCE.
WORK ON THEIR OWN
NO EXTRA ELEMENTS
AUXILIARY VERBS:
CREATE VERB PHRASES
PRIMARY VERBS
MODAL VERBS
AUXILIARY VERBS
1 VERB: MAIN VERB
MORE THAN 1: THE LAST ONE
VERBS BEFORE: AUXILIARY
OPERATORS
FIRST VERB OF A FINITE CLAUSE --> OPERATORS
NEGATION AND TENSE
CHARACTERISTICS
EXPRESS NEGATION ADDING "NOT"
BEFORE THE SUBJECT --> INTERROGATIVE
NUCLEAR STRESS MARK A FINITE CLAUSE AS POSITIVE. DENIES A NEGATIVE IMPLIED. (EMPHATIC POSITIVE)
IN A WIDE RANGE OF ELLIPTICAL CLAUSES, PREDICATION OMITTED
NO OPERATOR:
DUMMY OR EMPTY DO
NEGATIVE
QUESTIONS
EMPHATIC
QUESTION TAGS
SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MODAL AUXILIARIES
FOLLOWED BY BARE INFINITIVE
CANNOT OCCUR IN NON-FINITE (MAY, MAYING, MAYED :forbidden:)
ONLY OCCUR AS THE 1ST VERB
ONLY ONE MODAL VERB PER SENTENCE
NO -S 3RD PERSON PRESENT
PAST CAN REFER TO PRESENT AND FUTURE
MODAL VERBS
EXPRESS ATTITUDE TOWARDS DIVERSE ELEMENTS
INTENTIONS (VOLITION)
PEOPLE (POLITENESS)
INFORMATION (POSSIBILITY)
ALL CAN BE PUT IN THE PAST: MODAL PERFECTS
CHARACTERISTICS
ALWAYS THE FIRST VERB IN THE SENTENCE (I STUDY MUST : :forbidden:)
NO INFLECTION: NOT MADE TO FIT THE RULES OF PAST
NOT IN CONTINUOUS NOR PERFECT
CAN/COULD
ABILITY
OFFER
REQUEST
POSSIBILITY
PERMISSION
MAY/MIGHT
PERMISSION
POSSIBILITY
OFFERS
OVERLAP WITH CAN AND COULD BUT THIS IS MORE FORMAL
WILL
INTENTIONS
ORDERS
PREDICTIONS
WOULD
WISHES
PAST HABITS
REQUESTS
SHALL
ARCHAIC IN ITS USE
NOW: 1ST PERSON OFFERS AND SUGGESTIONS
UNUSUAL: I SHALL CALL THE TAXI IF... (WILL)
OUGHT TO/SHOULD
ADVICE
STRONG PROBABILITY:
HE OUGHT TO HAVE PHONED BY NOW
INTERCHANGEABLE: OUGHT TO MORE OBJECTIVE FORCE
SHOULD SUGGEST SUBJECTIVE OPINION
HAVE TO/MUST/NEED TO
MANY FUNCTIONS
MAIN: STRONG OBLIGATION OR COMPULSION
DIFFERENCE: MUST COMES FROM SPEAKER AND LISTENER (NECESSITY)
HAVE TO FROM OUTSIDE (RULE OR REGULATION)
NEGATIVE CHANGES
MUSTN'T STRONG OBIGATION
DON'T HAVE TO LIKE NEEDN'T: MATTER OF CHOICE
AFFIRMATIVE
I MUST CLEAN THE BATHROOM
I HAVE TO CLEAN THE BATHROOM (NECESSITY
NEGATIVE
YOU DON'T HAVE TO CLEAN THE BATHROOM
YOU DIDN'T HAVE TO CLEAN THE BATHROOM
MUSTN'T
: STRONG OBLIGATION (PERSONAL OR LAW). IMPOSSIBLE IN THE PAST --> SHOULDN'T
IMPOSSIBLE TO USE MUST IN THE PAST --> SHOULDN'T
QUESTIONS
MUST I HELP YOU WITH SUPPER (OPINION)
DO I HAVE TO HELP YOU WITH SUPPER? (OBLIGATION)
ALSO FOR
LOGICAL NECESSITY OR DEDUCTION
AFFIRMATIVES (MORE STARS MORE NECESSITY)
QUESTIONS AND NEGATIVE: CAN'T IS MORE USUAL
IT CAN'T BE MY SISTER
SEMI-AUXILIARIES
INTERMEDIATE AUXILIARY AND MAIN VERB
NON-FINITE FORM :warning:
CAN OCCUR WITH PRECEDING AUXILIARIES
BE LIKELY TO
BE ABOUT TO
BE ABLE TO
BE DUE TO
MODAL IDIOMS
AUXILIARY + INFINITIVE OR ADVERB
NONE HAVE A NON-FINITE FORM :warning:
ALWAYS 1ST VERB
HAD BETTER
STRONG SENTENCE (PARENT-CHILD)
NOT SAY IT UNLESS CONFIDENT RELATIONSHIP
WOULD RATHER
POLITE APPEARANCE BUT STRONG SENTENCE
NOT USE IT UNLESS SURE OF MEANING
ESPECIALLY IF NOT FAMILIAR WITH RHYTHM AND INTONATION: RUDE