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Is replicability necessary in the production of knowledge? Discuss with…
Is replicability necessary in the production of knowledge? Discuss with reference to two areas of knowledg
Types of knowledge:-
- Personal knowledge
- Shared knowledge
Personal knowledge
- Could personal knowledge be counted as knowledge? Because it has not been replicated yet
For artists and natural scientists, which is more important: what can be explained or what cannot be explained? Discuss with reference to the arts and the natural sciences.
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- In arts, things CANNOT be explained are more important while in Natural Sciences, things CAN be explained are more important. requires justification and evidence.
- Interpretation involves various approaches such as through language, emotion, reason, sense perception, etc.
Explanation
- Good explanation --> good interpretation which is when it should be reasonable, should be a consequence of a thorough examination of the studied object followed by a solid justification.
- explanation is reliant on its ability to draw accurate conclusions based on known observations.
- Any explanation that is not backed by evidence that is obtained systematically is invalid.
- Another assumption is that an explanation can only be valid if it is supported by evidence to ensure that it leads to an accurate conclusion.
- An explanation does not have to be true as long as it leads to a valid conclusion.
Natural Sciences
- Scientific method follows an extensive verification process with countless trials.
- Good explanations in natural sciences are more important and true because they are supported by empirical data that eliminates biases.
- Process of gathering knowledge is evidence-based. For example, it requires multiple trials of experiments to make sure the result is reliable in which the collected data can be explained to the community. Evidence is like the proof.
- Natural sciences are knowledge communities that attempt to explain various events in the physical world.
- Knowers use their sense to make observations and to establish different patterns, perspectives.
- However, there are uncertainties. Scientific methods allows them to know the general trends, but not the exact answer.
Arts
- It is arguable that arts is able to explain the unexplainable such as it can explain the beauty, feelings, emotions, or existence. More subjective, involves imagination to understand it.
- Ways of knowing - emotions - but It can only give impact to the individual more than the community.
- What is the social functions of arts? --> As a communicator of societal values and knowledge. Artists present their as a symbolic to express their own idea. A place to express the identities of certain communities.
It can be an instrument, or a method that could change someone's perspectives towards something. Emotionally involves interaction with an audience???
More important - What is the purpose/reason for both both artists and natural scientists in explaining knowledge? How they explain their opinion or judgement to the community
- What things that can be explained or cannot be explained???
- what is the importance of knowing?
- Why does it matter to know which one is more important?
- Are we making comparisons between artists and natural scientists?
- In what aspects should i look into to see that whether the knowledge can be explained or not?
Important
- something that is valuable
For artists and natural scientists, which is more important: what can be explained or what cannot be explained? Discuss with reference to the arts and the natural sciences.
Important
- Something that is valuable, necessary, has a high rank.
Why does it matter to know which one is more important?
- It provides useful reason, to gain new things, facts
- How can something be more important?
- Who decide to see which one is more important?
- What are the characteristics or value it needs to meet for something to be more important.
What can be explained?
- What factors influence how the explanations are being used??
- A statement that makes something clear. How to consider a statement as an explanation???
- Process?? Steps? procedure??
- How far the knowledge can be explained?
- Can ->> to be able, have the ability, power, or skill to
- Why there is a good or bad explanation?
- Is it still consider as an explanation if we do not understand the artwork? or a statement?
- What are the things that we need to have in explanation??
- Explanation does not neccessarily have to be true.
- What are the different ways to explain??
- How can we know if a statement is an explanation??
->If it gives reasons why it's true
-> An explanation is a rationale in which the reason presents a cause of some fact represented by the conclusion.
What are the limitations??
- If the information, process, steps, are too complex, it is difficult for people to understand or grasp. This reduces the quality of explanation.
We can explain:-
- processes
- steps
- procedures
- skills acquired through experience/education
- practical understanding of a subject
- Details from information received.
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Explanation
make (an idea or situation) clear to someone by describing it in more detail or revealing relevant facts.
to make plain or clear; render understandable or intelligible. Detailed!!
to explain an obscure/uncertain point. to make known in detail: to explain how to do something.
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Why do we explain??
It demonstrates our rationality and enables others to predict what we are likely to do.
Can
- Can--> the ability ?? the nature of that particular conditions in which it is explainable ke? procedure.
- to be able to; have the ability, power, or skill to
Natural Sciences
What can be explained?
Astronomy -
- Theoretical astronomers input data into models and simulations to gain insight about how systems evolved and changed.
- Scientists use observations, hypotheses, and logic to propose explanations for natural phenomena in the form of theories.
- Scientific method is fundamental to the investigation and acquisition of new knowledge based upon physical evidence.
- Scientific investigations often involve repeating the same steps many times to account for new information and ideas.
Ways of knowing:-
- Reason --> Often considered invaluable to weigh up whether knowledge claims, or even people, are trustworthy.
- Imagination - contributes to discoveries and inventions, our images of the world dissolved and recreated, and our potent visions of possible futures
RLE :- Wobbling Black Hole
- Einstein's theory of gravity suggested that gravity is the warping of space and time.
- Researchers at Cardiff University have identified a peculiar twisting motion in the orbits of two colliding black holes, an exotic phenomenon predicted by Einstein's theory of gravity
- It is explainable when there is use of tools/ equipments such as telescope as it directly cannot be s
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Natural scientist is concerned with understanding, predicting, and researching things that occur naturally on earth and in the universe.
What cannot be explained is more important.
- For Natural scientists, it is important to acquire skills to become inquisitive. They systematically gathers and uses research and evidence, to make hypotheses and test them, to gain and share understanding and knowledge.
It is crucial for them to gather data, hence only presented the result of the data. The process of gathering the data is not explainable,
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Arts
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- Art is generally understood as any activity or product done by people with a communicative or aesthetic purposes.
- Expresses an idea, an emotion, or generally, a world view.
- As a tool for cultural exchange, education, and expression.
- It is arguable that arts is able to explain the unexplainable such as it can explain the beauty, feelings, emotions, or existence. More subjective, involves imagination to understand it.
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RLE:-
Comedian is a 2019 artwork by Italian artist Maurizio Cattelan. Created in an edition of three, it appears as a fresh banana affixed to a wall with duct tape.
- Comedian is "a symbol of global trade, a double entendre, as well as a classic device for humor"
What can be explained??
- Art has been used throughout history to tell stories,
- Arts shape identities of individuals and cultures.
- Allows to see life a different perspectives.
- As a platform for artists to express, create images, and then write and talk about their meanings..
- An explanation provides a context that allows the viewer to dive even deeper into the artist’s universe and mind.
- Religious traditions use arts in the form of objects, or artefacts, in their worhips, festivals, rites of passage.
-Votive figures are brought to temples by its worshippers as a way to appease the gods on the fulfilment of a petition, or cure from illlness.
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Real life example
Natural sciences
Wobbling Black Hole
Einstein's theory of general relativity gravity suggested that gravity is the warping of space and time. Years ago, Albert Einstein has predicted this exotic phenomenon gravitational phenomenon called precession.
How the knowledge of black hole is perceived?
- Through evolution of theories.
It was detected by the Advanced LIGO and Virgo detectors in early 2020 - TOOLS/ powerful observatories
1) Why are Space Scientists so Interested in Black Holes?
It lead to new discoveries about the evolution of galaxies.
2) How are black holes studied?
- Through combination of theory and observation.
What makes it difficult to explain??
It is hard to explain the formation of black hole as it requires imagination, and something that is beyond our naked eye
The Placebo Effect
- to help understand the real effect of a new treatment
Exp: In a study, people were given a placebo and told it was a stimulant. After taking the pill, their pulse rate sped up, their blood pressure increased, and their reaction speeds improved. When people were given the same pill and told it was to help them get to sleep, they experienced the opposite effects.
In psychology, It is important for scientists to be able to gain several research from several studies and make explanations why
It plays with how we perceive things, and is being told as the result of obtaining the facts.
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Arts
Comedian is a 2019 artwork by Italian artist Maurizio Cattelan. Created in an edition of three, it appears as a fresh banana affixed to a wall with duct tape.
- A symbol of global trade, a double entendre, as well as a classic device for humor"
- Important to be explained - there's a hidden meaning
Normal people when looking at this art might b curious why this is considered as an art.
Does it because of the artists itself??
just by looking at 'Comedian', we have different perception
If words can explain the artists intention, the piece of art is considered useless. People can have their own interpretation and develop their own meaning of what they feel.
- It triggers their own emotions without knowing the actual meaning of the art.
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