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LOGOS - Coggle Diagram
LOGOS
Deductive Arguments: A form of arguments aiming for the strongest possible connection between premises and conclusion. The rhetor who uses deductive reasoning sets forth evidence that if the premises are true, the conclusion is also necessarily true.
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A good deductive argument is a sound argument. That means that all premises are true and that the form of the argument is valid. The reader must be convinced of BOTH in order to be convinced.
Inductive Arguments induction moves in the opposite direction as deduction. Inductive arguments begin with observed instances, and it attempts to infer from those instances a general rule. Inductive arguments produce conclusions that are highly probable.
Generalization: A generalization is made by using observations to come to a conclusion about the population they came from.
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Analogy: an argument from analogy is made when perceived similarities are used as evidence to support a further similarity (conclusion) that is yet to be observed.
example: The car I am now driving weighs 3,500 pounds, has a fuel-injected V-8 and a wind resistance coefficient of .29, and gets 30 mpg on the highway. The car I am about to buy has the same characteristics. Conclusion: The car I am about to buy will get 30 mpg on the highway.
Causal Inference: an argument that suggests that conclusion that is something that is the cause of something else.
example: The old bridge that was here yesterday is not here today. It was inspected last month and was found to be dangerously weak. We have had torrential rains for the past week, and the creek has risen up to a level above the roadway on the bridge.
Conclusion: The old bridge was probably swept away by the floodwaters in the creek
While deductive arguments must be sound in order to be accepted, inductive arguments must be cogent When evaluating an inductive argument, ask yourself:
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- Is it strong? Is the connection between the premises and the conclusion logical?
Evidence different situations require different kinds of evidence. Here are some examples of evidence that is generally accepted in most arguments.
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Vocabulary (General)
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Proposition or Claim: a statement that affirms or denies the truth of something. A proposition may serve as evidence (or premise) for another claim, OR it may be the conclusion that is drawn after considering evidence
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Conclusion: a proposition expressing the belief that the arguer is trying to persuade the hearer/reader to accept. in a SOUND argument, the conclusion follows logically from the premises.
Validity: the relationship between propositions in an argument.
- An argument is valid if its conclusion is properly drawn from its premises (the rules of logic have been followed)
- Validity is NOT the same thing as truth. An argument may be valid but not true if any premise is false.
Truth: a claim is considered true when it corresponds to reality or expresses a truth by definition.
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