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Hemoglobin - Coggle Diagram
Hemoglobin
Symptoms of iron deficiency anemia
extreme fatigue
weakness
pale skin
chest pain
fast heart beat
shortness of breath
headache
dizziness/lightheadedness
cold hands and/or feet
inflammation or soreness of tongue
brittle nails
unusual cravings for non-nutritive substances such as ice, dirt or starch
poor appetite, especially in infants and children
Lab Tests
serum iron
total iron-binding capacity (TIBC)
transferrin saturation ((serum iron/TIBC) x 100%)
ferritin
transferrin receptor (TfR1)
free erythrocyte protophorphyrin & zinc protoporphurin
hemoglobin & hematocrit (H&H)
Function
Main Function = oxygen delivery through oxyhemoglobin
High affinity for oxygen in oxygen-rich environments
low oxygen environment lowers affinity, allowing offloading of oxygen
facilitates CO2 excretion; contributing to a balanced blood pH
too much CO2 = acidic blood
reference interval for arterial oxygen saturation is 96-100%
Storage
liver
spleen
bone marrow
skeletal muscle
duodenum
Abnormalities
makes them unable to transport oxygen
carboxyhemoglobin
present in CO poisoning
from air pollutants
has a higher affinity for Hgb (200-240 x that of oxygen)
methemoglobin
caused by ingestion of oxidants
can be a hereditary mutation
Sulfhemoglobin
caused by ingestion of sulfur-containing drugs
can be a result of chronic constipation
Structure
Heme molecule
4 iron atoms (in Ferrous state Fe3+) surrounded by phorphyrin ring
the iron atom in these heme groups is what binds oxygen
Globin
4 polypeptide chains
Hgb A: alpha2 beta2
most significant hemoglobin type in adults
Hgb A2: alpha2 delta2
other most common hemoglobin type in adults
Hgb F: alpha2 gamma2
this type is only present in fetuses
Synthesis
made in 3 processes
adequate iron delivery and supply
iron from diet is in ferric form (Fe3+)
5-10% of dietary intake is absorbed
absorbs better with ascorbic acid (vitamin C) present
absorbed by intestinal mucosa of small bowel
regulated by the body's iron levels and needs
needs can change from factors including:
Pregnancy
nursing/lactation
mensturation
loss of blood
certain diets, especially those low in iron rich foods
adequate synthesis of protopotphurins
adequate globin synthesis