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LITERARY PERIODS AND MOVEMENTS - Coggle Diagram

- - - - • Greek legends: Homer's The Iliad and The Odyssey.
      - • Spread by word of mouth
      - • A chaotic period: warrior-princes, wandering sea-traders, fierce pirates.
    - - • Greek writers, playwrights, and philosophers: Gorgias, Aesop, Plato, Socrates, Aristotle, Euripides, and Sophocles.
      - • Particularly the fifth century (499-400 BCE) was renowned as The Golden Age of Greece.
      - • Sophisticated era of the polis (Greek City-States), or individual City-State, and early democracy.
      - • Some of the world's finest art, poetry, drama, architecture, and philosophy originated in Athens.
    - - • Greece's culture gave way to Roman power when Rome conquered Greece in 146 CE.
      - • Playwrights of this time include Plautus and Terence.
      - • Roman writers: Ovid, Horace, and Virgil.
      - • Roman philosophers: Marcus Aurelius and Lucretius.
      - • Roman rhetoricians: Cicero and Quintilian.
    - - • Early Christian writers: Saint Augustine, Tertullian, Saint Cyprian, Saint Ambrose, and Saint Jerome.
      - • This is the period when Saint Jerome first compiled the Bible.
      - • Christianity spread across Europe.
  - - - • "Dark Ages" (455 CE -799 CE): Rome fell, and barbarian tribes moved into Europe.
      - • Famous writers of old English literature: Cynewulf and Caedmon.
      - • Cædmon was the first English writer. He wrote his poetry in the Old English language. His only surviving work is “Cædmon’s Hymn.”
      - • Early Old anonymous English poems: Beowulf, The Wanderer, Genesis, The Battle of Maldon and The Seafarer.
      - • Key Characteristics of Anglo-Saxon Poetry: Heroic poetry elements, Christian ideals, Synecdoche, Metonymy. and Irony.
      - • First work in English Literature: Beowulf was the earliest most popular epic poem of English literature.
    - - • The most popular forms of writing for the Anglo-Normans: chronicles, religious and didactic writing, poetry, romances and drama.
      - • The Normans introduced romantic tales of love and adventure in literature. These romances were famous for their stories rather than poetry. They told the stories of King Arthur, The War of Troy, the mythical doings of Charlemagne, and Alexander the Great.
      - • Famous poets of the Middle English period: Philippe De Thaun, Reginald of Canterbury, Hilarius, Benoit de Sainte Maur (“Roman de Troie” (The Romance of Troy)), William Lengland (“Piers Plowman”)
    - - • Also known as “The Age of Chaucer”, originated from Geoffrey Chaucer.
      - • The most significant time period in the literary history of English literature.
      - • Chaucer made a fresh and distinct beginning in English literature.
      - • Chaucer: ‘Father of English literature’ as well as the ‘Father of English poetry’
      - • Chaucer’s most significant work: Canterbury Tales.
      - • Canterbury Tales: A landmark in the history of English poetry, a collection of stories, showed to the novelists the way to portray their characters.
      - • After Chaucer there came a decline in English poetry for about 100 years. The period from 1400 to the Renaissance was bereft of quality literature.
  - - - The War of the Roses ended in England with Henry Tudor (Henry VII) claiming the throne. Martin Luther's split with Rome marks the emergence of Protestantism, followed by Henry VIII's Anglican schism, which created the first Protestant church in England.
      - Edmund Spenser is a sample poet.
    - - • Queen Elizabeth saved England from both Spanish invasion and internal squabbles at home.
      - • Her reign is marked by the early works of William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe, Kyd, Francis Bacon and Sir Philip Sidney.
      - • William Shakespeare’s famous works: “Hamlet”, “King Lear”, “Othello”, “Julius Ceasar”, “A Midsummer Night’s Dream”, “As You Like It” and “Romeo and Juliet”.
    - - Famous writers: Shakespeare (Aemilia Lanyer), Ben Jonson, and John Donne.
    - - John Milton, George Herbert, Robert Herrick, the "Sons of Ben", and others wrote during the reign of Charles I and his Cavaliers.
    - - Under Cromwell's Puritan dictatorship, John Milton continued to write, but we also see writers like Andrew Marvell and Sir Thomas Browne.
  - - - • Dominance of French and Classical influences on poetry and drama.
      - • John Dryden, John Locke, Sir William Temple, and Samuel Pepys, and Aphra Behn in England. Abroad: Jean Racine and Molière.
    - - • This period is marked by the imitation of Virgil and Horace's literature in English letters.
      - • The principal English writers: Addison, Steele, Swift, and Alexander Pope. Abroad: Voltaire.
    - - • Dr. Samuel Johnson, Boswell, and Edward Gibbon who represent the Neoclassical tendencies, while writers like Robert Burns, Thomas Gray, Cowper, and Crabbe show movement away from the Neoclassical ideal.
      - • In America, this period is called the Colonial Period. It includes colonial and revolutionary writers like Ben Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and Thomas Paine.
  - - - • In Britain: W. B. Yeats, Seamus Heaney, Dylan Thomas, W. H. Auden, Virginia Woolf, and Wilfred Owen.
      - • In America: Robert Frost and Flannery O'Connor as well as the famous writers of The Lost Generation such as Hemingway, Stein, Fitzgerald, and Faulkner.
      - • The Harlem Renaissance: the rise of black writers such as Baldwin and Ellison.