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Sound - Coggle Diagram
Sound
Audition
amplitude
Frequency
Hertz
Timbre
Tone quality
Tone complexity
Pitch perception
sensitivity
Amusia
Absolute pitch
Structue
Outer Ear
Pinna
Middle Ear
tympanic membrane
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
Inner Ear
Oval Wndow
Cochlea
Fluid-filled tunnels
Scala Vestibuli
Scala Media
Scala tympani
Basilar membrane
Tectorial membrane
Theory
Place Theory
Pitch Perception
Frequency Theory
Auditory Cortex
Primary auditory Cortex (area A1)
Auditory imagery
Parallel to Visual Cortex
Superior temporal cortex
Motion of sound
Tonotopic map
responsive to preferred tones
Damage
deafness if subcortical areas are damged
Hearing problem
middle ear deafness
bones fail to transmit sound wave to cochlea
caused by disease
can be corrected
nerve deafness
damage to cochlea， haircells or auditry nerve
can be inherited
tinnitus
constant ringging in ear
damage to cochlea
sound localization
sound shadow
time of arrival
phase differences
Senses
Vestibular sensation
vestibular organ
otolith organs
saccule
utricle
Somatosensation
sensation of the body and its movement
receptors
touch receptors
pacinian corpuscle
sudden displacement
high frequency vibration
merkel diskes
light touch
CNS
spinal cord
dermatome
well defined and distinct pathways
somatosensory corteex
located in parietal lobe
Prefrontal cortex
pain
release of glutamate
release of neuropeptides
emotional pain
medulla
relieving pain
opioid mechanisms
bind with periaqueductal gray areas
placebo
cannabinoids
capsaicin
gate theory
sensitization
damage or inflamed tissues
itch
release of histamine
inhibitory relationship
Chemical senses
chemical coding
labeled-line principle
across fiber pattern
taste
converge with smell at endopiriform cortex
receptors
excitable membrane
papilae
taste buds
mechanism
salt
permits sodium ion to cross the membrane
sour
detects acidsa
sweet, bitter, unami
ctivate G protein
bitter receptors
modify
miracle berries
gymnema sylvestre tea
Unami
glutamate receptor
coding
nucleus of the tractus solitarius
taste sensitivity
animals have different sensitivity
genetic factors and hormons
super taster
adaption
reduce perception due to fatigue
cross adaption
reduce response after exposure to another
olfaction
sense of smell
scent selection
olfactory receptors
olfactory cells line the olfactory epithelium
located on cilia
proteins
respond to chemical
trigger change in G protein
brain
sends axon to cerebral cortex
damage
replaced every month
differences
women > men
influence by hormones
pheromones
affect behavior of same species
vomeronasal organ
sensitive to pheromones
important to mammals but not human
human uncousiously respond to pheromones
synesthesia