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Project 2: Annotated Bibliography How social media affects mental health…

- - - - CONNECTION: The content put out by influencers has an affect on the youth that absorb it; if a photoshopped picture is posted and is claimed to be "natural" the unrealistic standards of that photo can negatively affect teens and lead them into depression low self esteem or body image.
- - - - CONNECTION: 45% of british adults feel anxious and worrisome when then cannot access their emails or social media which leads to increased restlessness which is a leading cause of PVS
- - - - 3 Direct Quotes
        
        “Middle school already is challenging for students with all of their developmental changes. As they go through puberty, they’re tasked with establishing their identity at a time when the frontal lobes in their brains are not fully developed, and there is a lack of impulse control. All of this happens while their relationships with peers become more important, t’s a very vulnerable population to have access to something where there is no stopgap before they post or press the send button. I think that’s something of which to be mindful.”Sperling says.
        (Para. 17&18)
        
        “When the outcome is unpredictable, the behavior is more likely to repeat. Think of a slot machine: if game players knew they never were going to get money by playing the game, then they never would play, the idea of a potential future reward keeps the machines in use. The same goes for social media sites. One does not know how many likes a picture will get, who will ‘like’ the picture, and when the picture will receive likes. The unknown outcome and the possibility of a desired outcome can keep users engaged with the sites.” (Para 6&7)
        
        "They’re searching for validation on the internet that serves as a replacement for meaningful connection they might otherwise make in real life."(para 9) Not an actual quote but something that definitely needed to be added here.
        
        A person experiences impostor syndrome when feeling chronic self-doubt and a sense of being exposed as ‘a fraud’ in terms of success and intellect. “Whether it’s another pretty vacation or someone’s bouquet of flowers, my mind went from ‘Why not me?’ to ‘I don’t deserve those things, and I don’t know why,’ and it made me feel awful.” Mitchell said.
        She and her therapist decided to set ground rules. “If I was to continue using social media, I had to learn what would trigger my anxiety and how using different platforms made me feel,” says Michelle.
        The result was her deleting Snapchat for good, and after 5 years, she still doesn’t miss it. She’s still active on several other platforms, though.
        (Para 28&29)
        
        "Social media has a reinforcing nature. Using it activates the brain’s reward center by releasing dopamine, a “feel-good chemical” linked to pleasurable activities such as sex, food, and social interaction. The platforms are designed to be addictive and are associated with anxiety, depression, and even physical ailments. According to the Pew Research Center, 69% of adults and 81% of teens in the U.S. use social media. This puts a large amount of the population at an increased risk of feeling anxious, depressed, or ill over their social media use." (Para. 3&4)
        
        CONNECTION: Social media platforms are designed to draw you in with brain psychology that recurrently releases dopamine, your brains feel good chemical and when comparing the addictiveness of social media, think to slot machines or casino games
      - Specific Arguments
        
        Social media has a reinforcing nature. Using it activates the brain’s reward center by releasing dopamine, a “feel-good chemical” linked to pleasurable activities such as sex, food, and social interaction. The platforms are designed to be addictive and are associated with anxiety, depression, and even physical ailments.
        
        FOMO, otherwise known as Fear Of Missing Out is a big concern for not just teens but adults as well. If everyone else is using social media sites, and if someone doesn’t join in, there’s concern that they’ll miss jokes, connections, or invitations. Missing experiences can create anxiety and depression. When people look online and see they’re excluded from an activity, it can affect thoughts and feelings, and can affect them physically.
        
        A 2018 British study tied social media use to decreased, disrupted, and delayed sleep, which is associated with depression, memory loss, and poor academic performance. Social media use can affect users’ physical health even more directly. Researchers know the connection between the mind and the gut can turn anxiety and depression into nausea, headaches, muscle tension, and tremors.
        
        Both teens and adults tend to compare themselves to others physically and socially with influencers, peers, role models
      - Source Credibility
        
        This source is the official webpage of McLean Psychiatric Hospital.For 200 years McLean has led the way in humane psychiatric care, scientific discovery, professional training, and public education, today McLean is the flagship mental health hospital of Harvard Medical School and Mass General Brigham (formerly Partners HealthCare), Boston’s leading health care system. Very trusted hospital so its webpage speaks for its self. https://www.mcleanhospital.org/about/history-progress#:~:text=For%20200%20years%20McLean%20has,Boston's%20leading%20health%20care%20system.
      - 3 Main Points
        
        Depending on the age at which an individual is exposed to social media/the digital as a whole can have serious implications on that individuals self esteem, mental health, body image that last even into their teens ad adulthood. If given to preteens and teens, at a time when they are still finding out about themselves and their changing mind and body, giving free access to photoshop, fake bodies and unrealistic expectation can be detrimental to not only how they view themselves but their peers and the relationships they have with them
        
        Distractions from the distractions of social media can have very positive influences on one's overall health and a lot of their social health. Limiting one's own time on social platforms can be good to help reevaluate ones mental health. If one notices that one feels less happy after using them, then one might consider changing how one uses social media sites, such as using them for less time and doing other activities that one enjoys instead.
        
        Teens and Adults alike keep coming back to social media platforms because the outcome of what they will see, interact with, like, dislike are all so unpredictable that day to day platforms can look a night and day difference. Whether it's something to do while bored or keeping up to date with friends. family, sports the recipe for constant reassurance and checking of social platfoms is present. Think of a slot machine and how it stays active.
- - - - “Among British adults, 45% felt worried or uncomfortable once they were unable to access their Email or SNSs and out of this constant connectivity, a new medical term has emerged namely phantom vibration syndrome (PVS) which is defined as perceived vibration from a mobile phone that is not vibrating. PVS is not uncommon and is probably a symptom of the anxiety that mobile phones elicit in those that are obsessed about signing in on their social media.” (pp. #156)
      - “Cyberbullying using digital or social media has adverse effects on mental health, for example the adverse effects for the victim, this could be significantly humiliating and causes a loss of confidence and self-worth, they may also experience depression, anxiety, loss of sleep, self-harm, and feelings of loneliness.” (pp. #157)
      - “High rates of disclosure are driven by motivation to share one’s
        beliefs and knowledge about the world, suggesting that
        this could be part of the intrinsic drive to disclose about
        self to others. Opportunities to disclose one’s thoughts
        are hypothesized to be as a powerful form of subjective
        reward,[6] and the primary motivation for using SNSs are a
        need to belong and a need for self-presentation." (pp. #155)
      - “The objective self-awareness theory proposes that any stimulus causing the self to become the object (instead the subject) of the consciousness (e.g., looking at oneself in a mirror, hearing one’s own voice, and writing one’s own curriculum vitae) will cause a diminished impression of the self. A typical FB user makes multiple visits to their profile page daily during which he/she will view his/her previously posted photographs, biographical data, and so on, which can cause a short-term or a long-term reduction in self-esteem.” (pp. #157)
    - - A national survey of U.S. young adults, found that compared with individuals who use 0 to 2 social media platforms, individuals who use 7 to 11 social media platforms have substantially higher odds of getting increased levels of depression and anxiety symptoms and in that survey, a sample of adolescents and their parents throughout the U.S. social media use was moderately and positively associated with adolescent-reported fear of missing out and loneliness, as well as with parent-reported hyperactivity/impulsivity, anxiety, and depression.
      - Theoretical postulates propose that the self-disclosure made on SNSs activates the intrinsic reward system due to which the behavior is repeated.
    - - This source is credible because of its peer-reviewed status as well as the qualifications of the authors. their qualifications are as follows directly from the IPJ: Department of Psychiatry, Dr. DY Patil Medical College, Dr. DY Patil University, Pune, Maharashtra, India, 1Department of Psychiatry, AFMC, Pune, Maharashtra, India. This article was published in an Indian psychiatric journal that deals with the likes of mental health, psychiatric behavioral analysis and much more. This journal is also published and nationally recognized by the Association of Industrial Psychiatry of India.The journal is registered with the following abstracting partners: Baidu Scholar, CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure), EBSCO Publishing's Electronic Databases, Ex Libris – Primo Central, Google Scholar, Hinari, Infotrieve, National Science Library, ProQuest, TDNet, Wanfang Data
    - - Social media has immense benefits if used with discretion, without a rabbit hole of psychiatric and mental issues could arise.
      - Technology and social media are here to stay and with so many outlets for negativity like presented in this article we have to find a way to balance the two not just within adolescents but with all ages groups.
      - Social media incorporates ways to foster social inclusion in online communities so that persons with psychiatric disorders may share personal stories in a perceived safer space, thereby gaining peer support for developing coping strategies. Digital media has immense potential for improving mental health care that is being explored with telepsychiatry and telecounseling and providing psychological interventions while also having potential to have serious negative connections.
- - - - “Psychologist Dr. David Greenfield (1999) explains that digital technologies can be addictive because they are psychoactive, mood-altering, and often trigger enjoyable feelings, he notes that email and texts, in particular, give satisfaction through variable reinforcement ratio, similar to slot machines. Since the user never knows when they may get a satisfying email or text, they are drawn to keep checking over and over again, this type of compulsive behavior can obviously have significant ramifications in both work performance and personal relationships.” (pp. #608)
        
        CONNECTION: The comparison of social media to a slot machine, only re-enforcing the fact that these SNSs are set up to draw you in and keep you coming back.
      - “Statistics indicate that children in the United States average almost 8 hours of technology/media use each day (including cell phones, TV, video games, computer, etc.) and 71% of children have a television in their bedroom (Rowan 2010; Rideout et al. 2010). In order to combat the trend of children’s unlimited access to technology and therefore increase in physical deprivation and sensory hyperstimulation, Rowan (2010) suggests that physicians assess a family's technology usage history.” (pp. #611)
      - “Technology is changing almost every facet of our evolving modern lives, and its benefits are countless, but as technological advances continue to dramatically change the way we live, they can also have significant effects on our mental health, often redefining normal versus abnormal behavior. Connectivity, accessibility, and information overload can contribute to a variety of mental health problems including stress, anxiety, and depression along with psychological issues related to the overuse of technology will continue to grow in the digital age, as will the importance of understanding the impact of technology on mental health and psychological well-being.” (pp. #604 & 605)
    - - The source is a credible one with the main contributing factor coming from the qualifications of the authors as well as the journal it is published in is one recognized by a multitude of internationally recognized peer-reviewed and scholarly sites. The authors writing in conjunction with the International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction are David A. Scott who has a list of credentials including: a Ph.D. in Counselor Education from North Carolina State University, an honors graduate in Master of Sciences with a Concentration in Community Agency Counseling, from Western Carolina University, and a Bachelor of Arts with a Major in Psychology from the University of North Carolina at Wilmington. The other author, Bart Valley, also has a list of credentials that include: B.A. in Economics from Cornell University in 1994 and his Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) designation in 2003. He also holds the Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) designation, the most widely known and respected investment credential in the world.
    - - Reliance on connection to electronic media has created an enmeshed relationship with technology, and that relationship has important ramifications for our psychological well-being.
      - We live in a world of rapid advances in technology and abundant connectivity, and understanding the ongoing implications will be of utmost importance for professionals in the mental health field for not just the sake of the youth, but for the sake of humankind moving forward toward an uncertain future.
      - The importance of understanding technology’s increasing impact on the human mind and the resulting implications for affect, cognition, and behavior should not be underestimated. It is vital to understand both the positives and negatives of increased use of technology and social media, and in particular for mental health professionals, the ways this use may be affecting neural development.
    - - Issues related to technology’s effects on mental health may be of particular salience when it comes to the younger generation, a Kaiser Family Foundation (2010) study found youths ages
        8 to 18 spent an average of 7 ½ hours a day on digital media.
      - Rosen (2012) explains that people seem to use technologies compulsively in two different ways. The first is due to a love of the device, the Internet, the software, or the apps, and the second is because of a worry about missing out on something (and the resulting need to stay constantly connected to the digital device). The first type of compulsion is driven by pleasure, while the second is driven by anxiety and obsessive thoughts. Rosen espouses a form of disconnection anxiety associated with symptoms of worry, negative emotions (fear or frustration), and physical distress.
      - Time spent on the Internet and multitasking with multiple technologies is also increasing among youth. In his recent book, The Shallows, author Nicholas Carr (2011) points to neuroscience research that reveals how technologies used to find, store, and share information can literally reroute the brain’s neural pathways. The stimulation to which the mind is exposed every day is critical in determining how the brain works. There is evidence that today’s youth are becoming ever more adept at scanning and skimming but are losing capacity for concentration, contemplation, and reflection. Small and Vorgan (2008) argue that as the brain evolves and shifts its focus to new technological skills, it drifts away from fundamental social skills, such as reading facial expressions or grasping the emotional context of subtle gestures
      - Adolescents’ growing use of smartphones may be of particular concern due to recent studies in Italy, Taiwan, and Australia (Martinotti et al. 2011) that have classified problematic mobile phone use by applying criteria for behavioral addictions, including cognitive salience, conflict with other persons or activities, euphoria or relief, feelings of short-term pleasure from engaging in the activity, loss of control over the behavior, withdrawal (experiencing unpleasant feelings when unable to engage in the behavior), and relapse and reinstatement
      - Various studies over the last several years have pointed to a number of negative effects experienced by some users, including feelings of stress and anxiety and lowered self esteem. The arm’s-length relationships and emotionally detached communication offered by the social media tools mentioned above can also serve as a disservice to those inclined towards narcissism or other antisocial behaviors.
      - Behaviorally, improper use of social media can also lead to negative consequences in relationships and marriages, within families, and in the workplace. Just recently, infidelity is
        being defined in the realm of cyberspace with research that reveals that women perceive cyberspace infidelity more severely than men, and this difference in perspective can be a source of dispute in relationships, however overall emotional relations via the Internet were found to be less serious than infidelity in person (Whitty and Quigley 2008).
      - It is increasingly important that counselors and other mental health professionals screen for the possibility that technology is negatively impacting their clients, for most mental health issues related to technology and connectivity, cognitive behavioral strategies seem to be the most effective for treatment (King et al. 2012a)
      - While cognitive behavioral approaches are most often helpful with these issues, systemic approaches may also be appropriate depending on the underlying issues. For clients struggling with identity, roles, and life goals, existential techniques may also be useful. When the client feels heard, listened to, and empathetically understood, they are more likely to engage in developing and actively implementing cognitive or behavioral strategies proposed for positive change moving forward.
- - - - "Even if you know that images you’re viewing on social media are manipulated, they can still make you feel insecure about how you look or what’s going on in your own life." (Para. 8)
      - "In today’s world, many of us rely on social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, Snapchat, YouTube, and Instagram to find and connect with each other. While each has its benefits, it’s important to remember that social media can never be a replacement for real-world human connection. It requires in-person, face-to-face contact with others to trigger the hormones that alleviate stress and make you feel happier, healthier, and more positive. Ironically for a technology that’s designed to bring people closer together, spending too much time engaging with social media can actually make you feel more lonely and isolated—and exacerbate mental health problems such as anxiety and depression.
        If you’re spending an excessive amount of time on social media and feelings of sadness, dissatisfaction, frustration, or loneliness are impacting your life, it may be time to re-examine your online habits and find a healthier balance." (para. 3&4)
        
        CONNECTION: The social interaction that is held online cannot replace the face-to-face interactions and spending too much time on online social interactions can be detrimental to one's physical and mental health because they are not receiving the hormones that are released when face-to-face interactions take place.
      - "Social media platforms are designed to snare your attention, keep you online, and have you repeatedly checking your screen for updates. It’s how the companies make money. But, much like a gambling compulsion or an addiction to nicotine, alcohol, or drugs, social media use can create psychological cravings. When you receive a like, a share, or a favorable reaction to a post, it can trigger the release of dopamine in the brain, the same “reward” chemical that follows winning on a slot machine, taking a bite of chocolate, or lighting up a cigarette, for example. The more you’re rewarded, the more time you want to spend on social media, even if it becomes detrimental to other aspects of your life."
    - - A 2018 University of Pennsylvania study found that reducing social media use to 30 minutes a day resulted in a significant reduction in levels of anxiety, depression, loneliness, sleep problems, and FOMO. But you don’t need to cut back on your social media use that drastically to improve your mental health. The same study concluded that just being more mindful of your social media use can have beneficial results on your mood and focus.
        
        CONNECTION: Both of the 2018 studies concluded that, while talking about different points, social media use has a physical effect on your body AND mind.
      - Whenever we’re in a social situation and feel anxious, awkward, or lonely, we turn to our phones and log on to social media. Of course, interacting with social media only denies you the face-to-face interaction that can help to ease anxiety.
    - - This Source is credible as it recognized by Guidestar as a financially accountable and transparent organization which offers research-based, expert-reviewed articles and interactive features in an appealing, ad-free format that cover a wide range of mental health and wellness topics, including depression, anxiety, stress, emotional intelligence etc. Many experts their are certified, credentialed M.D or Ph.D holders in their own respective fields.
    - - While social media can be very useful for good, it can also add negative energy to your life. Human beings are social creatures. We need the companionship of others to thrive in life, and the strength of our connections has a huge impact on our mental health and happiness. Being socially connected to others can ease stress, anxiety, and depression, boost self-worth, provide comfort and joy, prevent loneliness, and even add years to your life. On the flip side, lacking strong social connections can pose a serious risk to your mental and emotional health.
      - Social media can be as addictive as any drug or habbit known to man, that's why educating yourself on what makes you keep wanting to go back is important. Since teens all the way up to the elderly have access to smartphones and the internet at the fingertips or in their pockets, this round-the-clock, hyper connectivity can trigger impulse control problems, the constant alerts and notifications affecting your concentration and focus, disturbing your sleep, and making you a slave to your phone.
      - Everyone is different and there is no specific amount of time spent on social media, or the frequency you check for updates, or the number of posts you make that indicates your use is becoming unhealthy. Rather, it has to do with the impact time spent on social media has on your mood and other aspects of your life, along with your motivations for using it. For example, your social media use may be problematic if it causes you to neglect face-to-face relationships, distracts you from work or school, or leaves you feeling envious, angry, or depressed. Similarly, if you’re motivated to use social media just because you’re bored or lonely, or want to post something to make others jealous or upset, it may be time to reassess your social media habits.
- - - - "The more videos I saw the less confident I became, I dreamed of being one of them, the coolest people on Earth, but I woke up to the disappointment of being myself." (1:56-2:09)
      - "I had my first instagram account when I was only in grade 5, from that point on especially when I got into highschool it changed my life. I saw the influencers social media celebrities living their perfect life, I constantly ask myself this one question, What am I doing with my life? The social media was telling me what everyone else my age was doing, winning national awards, getting a 98 gpa, cultivating a perfect body, luminous teeth and flawless skin hey traveled everywhere around the world from beijing to paris wearing then coolest outfits, living in fancy homes, I think the high life meant traveling from vancouver all the way to richmond wearing a hoodie and buying the best ketchup...I could not measure up" (0:30-1;28)
      - “A real person isn’t perfect, and a perfect person is never real.” (9:05-9:12)
    - - This source will be used as personal account, similarly to primary research but instead it isn't anonymous. Her personal accounts will serve as an example of how the exposure of such media from a young age can negatively affect one's mental image and social status in comparison with people of similar ages without the realization that fake and photo editing apps are used all the time for the "idealized" look.
    - - Insecurity of one's own body is not simply solved by brushing up a few photos here and there when you still look in the mirror your true self will still be there, it's better to accept and love yourself for who you are, and if you aren't happy with some of the ways you look, do what you can to change them but do it for a change to better yourself as a person, examples include research on clear skin or working out.
      - Social media is a place where people post the most perfect form of themselves, always happy, always somewhere nice and luxurious, and idolized world that does not exist in reality
      - Social media at a young age led this one individual to go to lengths of photoshop and an addiction to likes and followers. Until the realization that the "perfect" models that they idolized and wanted to look like so bad actually used photoshop themselves is when she came to her senses, not everyone is so self aware.
    - - This is a credible source because TEDx Talks are a trusted community that look to simply give insight and a "deeper understanding" of the world to its viewers. As quoted by their website; "We believe passionately in the power of ideas to change attitudes, lives and, ultimately, the world. On TED.com, we're building a clearinghouse of free knowledge from the world's most inspired thinkers — and a community of curious souls to engage with ideas and each other, both online and at TED and TEDx events around the world, all year long."