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How are movement skills improved? (only things I don't understand…
How are movement skills improved? (only things I don't understand 100%)
Classification of movement skills
Movement precision
Gross motor skills - Movements involving the use of large muscle groups that result in a coordinated action e.g. Jumping, weightlifting
Fine motor skills - delicate, precise movements that engage the use of small muscle groups e.g. throwing a dart, golf put
Types of movement
Discrete motor skills - movements of brief duration that are easily defined by a distinct beginning and end
Serial motor skills - Series or group of discrete skills strung together to create a more complicated, skilled action
Continuous motor skills - Movements with no distinct beginning or ending
Predictability of the environment
Closed motor skills - Movements that are performed in predictable, self paced environments
Open motor skills - Performed in an environment that is constantly changing and externally paced
Fundamental motor skills - Movement patterns that involved different body part. They are the foundational movements to more sport-specific skills
Object control - throwing, catching, hitting
Body control - tumbling, climbing
Locomotive skills - running, jumping
Aquatic skills - floating, paddling
FMS are the building blocks to sport specific skills therefore if FMS underdeveloped, less likely to involved yourself in specific sports that rely on these motor skills
Feedback
Intrinsic - feedback that comes from an athletes senses
Visual
Auditory
Proprioception (internal receptors, such as how much the muscles are stretching)
Touch
Augmented feedback - feedback from external people or things
Knowledge of results (success or failure)
Knowledge of performance (characteristics of the performance - reasons for success of failure e.g. technique
Has three purposes: fixing errors as a result of either KOR or KOP, motivation through feedback shows progress, reinforcement through positive feedback
Frequency
Feedback should reduce as the athlete becomes more proficient. Beginner can't identify own errors, so lots of feedback is needed to assist development.
Direct and constraints based approaches
Direct based approaches - Coaches make all the decision relating to everything in a training session e.g. task selection, task sequencing
Weaknesses - Athlete never makes decisions for themselves, which can affect their decision making during competition. Limit the athletes need to find solutions to movement and skills that suit their needs as an athlete
Constraints based approaches - Coaches use boundaries or place restrictions on the learner, to shape the athletes self-organising movement patterns and decision making processes
Individual constraints e.g. technical skills, body size, strength
Environmental constraints e.g. physical environment
Social/cultural environment e.g. family expectations, peer group expectation and cultural expectations
Sociocultural factors that affect skill learning
Cultural factors: education, politics, religion, technology, race, climate, geographic location
Social factors: family structure, time, access to coaches, discrimination, self-belief, available resources/equipment
Principles of qualitative movement analysis
Preperation - coach needs to determine what
what is being analyses
why it is being analyses
How it is being analysed
Observation - process of looking at the performance of the subject either live or recorded. Many limitations, but main is that quality of performance is subjective
Evaluation - Refers to a judgement of the quality. Coach will
Decide what the problem is
Decide what is causing the problem
Decide how the problem can be addressed
Error correction - Weaknesses are identified and strategies to develop these weaknesses are put in place. This will be either direct or constraints coaching or instructional processes.