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THE ENLIGHTENMENT IN SPAIN / THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION OF THE 18TH…
THE ENLIGHTENMENT IN SPAIN / THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION OF THE 18TH CENTURY
3-/ Enlightenment ideas also had an influence in Spain
18th-century kings promoted the publication of books
and protected some Enlightenment authors
such as Augustinian monk Jerónimo Feijoo
wrote two books criticising the prejudices of traditional society
Teatro crítico universal
Cartas eruditas y curiosas
The Crown also sponsored various scientific expeditions
such as
the ones by Félix de Azara and Alejandro Malaspina in South America
to gather geographical and botanical data
However
the Church still imposed censorship
They were only discussed in certain intellectual circles
such as amongst the novatores
The main Enlightenment thinkers formed part of the political and cultural elite
Some were given important position:
Floridablanca
Jovellanos
Campomanes
They believed that Spain’s backwardness
was the result of its historic lack of development of sciences
They therefore also wanted to modernise the education system
NEW EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
The monarchs created or sponsored various types of educational institutions
Academies
They were important institutions
protected by the king in defence of certain aspects of culture
Examples include
Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando
Academia de Matemáticas
Barcelona
Academia de la Lengua Española
Madrid
Sociedades Económicas de Amigos del País
The aim of these societies was to stimulate study and experimentation
to improve agriculture and artisan industries in the kingdoms
4-/ THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION OF THE 18TH CENTURY
The farming sector was the first to undergo significant changes
Some improvements had already been made
such as improvements to machinery in some European countries
However
new methods first became widely used in Great Britain
at the beginning of the 18th century
In the British countryside
the productivity of the land also continued to increase
thanks to the first experiences in the mechanisation of agricultural work
These innovations appeared within the context of the technical advances
Nevertheless
not only technical improvements helped increase British agriculture
There were also decisive changes in the laws
that changed the distribution of land ownership
among the social classes between 1760 and 1840
The Agricultural Revolution had many consequences
On the one hand, the large increase in food production
made it possible to increase the population
On the other hand
iron tools and machines were needed
which stimulated industrial development
05 PARLIAMENTARIANISM AND ENLIGHTENED DESPOTISM
ABSOLUTISM AND PARLIAMENTARIANISM
And the beginning of the Contemporary Age
The 18th century marks the end of the Modern Age
From a political point of view
absolute monarchies
were legitimised by an ideology
that supported the superiority of the king’s power over all others
PARLIAMENTARY REPUBLICAN POLITICAL SYSTEMS
remained in place in some parts of Europe
They were governed by members of the nobility
and wealthy middle class elected by local assemblies.
parliamentary monarchies
developed institutional and legal systems that controlled the monarch’s power
through the action of the courts and parliaments made up
of major landowners, local corporations and the wealthy classes
ENLIGHTENED DESPOTISM
Enlightened despotism was a variant of absolutism
that incorporated ‘trickledown’ reforms inspired by the Enlightenment
these reforms did not decrease the absolute power of the monarchs.
Monarchs thought that the Enlightenment ideas
of universal progress and happiness would help them govern
more efficiently and legitimise their power
CATHERINE ‘THE GREAT’ (1729–1796)
Catherine II, known as Catherine ‘the Great’, empress of Russia between 1762 and 1796