Horror Films and Grief

Psychology

Building on this, the second, stronger claim is that horror can offer psychological benefits for the bereaved. This concerns the cognitive/emotional effects on specific demographics consuming horror. (Grief 2021)

On the moral responsibility of military robots

Morality

Some researchers view moral responsibility as governed by pragmatic norms of a group (Dennett 1973; Strawson 1974), and hold that moral responsibility should be seen as a social regulatory mechanism aiming at supporting actions considered to be good, and simultaneously suppressing actions considered to be bad. A classical view describes moral responsibility as consisting of two parts: causal responsibility and intention (see e.g. (Dodig-Crnkovic and Persson 2008)). It is sometimes claimed that advanced mental states, such as intention, are and will always be missing in machines, and that a robot for that reason could never be ascribed moral responsibility (Johnson 2006). (Robots 2012)

Grief

Horror

Military

Artificial Intelligence

For various unfortunate reasons, these politicians may decide on going to war. Overall tasks, and responsibilities, are then assigned to a large number of military commanders who in turn give orders, and responsibility, to lower ranked commanders and eventually to soldiers who execute the physical actions of war in eld. (Robots 2012)

Philosophy

Philosophers

Monsters

horror is suited to exploring unpleasant things—analogous to the relationship between, say, adolescence and horror (e.g., De Palma, Carrie, 1976), sexual violence and horror (e.g., Scott, Alien, 1979), or racism and horror (e.g., Peele, Get Out, 2017). Rather, the special relationship between grief and horror lies in the latter’s ability to intimately capture and communicate the phenomenology of grief and, in doing so, help the bereaved make sense of their experience. (Grief 2021)

Because of this, it is widely accepted that grief is a kind of temporally extended process (e.g., Goldie, 2011; Klass et al., 1996; Ratcliffe, 2017) that evolves over time, rather than a single emotional state

Emotion

“The Psychological Benefits of Horror” defends the idea that horror can offer psychological benefits to the bereaved by functioning as a means of narrative “containment” and emotional regulation for grief. (Grief 2021)

To summarize, the robots used in war zones today vary considerably regarding lethality and degrees of self-management. The vast majority of all military robots are tele-operated and not equipped with any kind of weapons. They are used for supporting functions such as surveillance, sniper detection and neutralizing explosive devices. (Robots 2012)

Philosophers

In general, we often treat children as not fully responsible for their actions and in the future we may very well view robots, who indeed also have a unique psychological and moral development, in a similar way. Just as parents share moral responsibility with small children, military commanders and soldiers, and possibly also politicians, scientists/engineers and the People, may share moral responsibility for actions conducted by military robots. (Robots 2012)

Already now, humans have a tendency to assign responsibility to computers and robots, and there are reasons to believe that this tendency will be strengthened in the future since the technological development leads to increasingly more autonomously powerful robots. (Robots 2012)

A general solution would need breakthroughs also for very hard general articial intelligence problems such as situational awareness and object recognition. Initial ideas (deliberately ignoring the mentioned technological problems) for ethics based control systems have been presented by Arkin (2009a, b). In the long run, it is likely that international Laws of War will be amended with specic requirements on the behavior of autonomous robots, thereby further motivating using such rules as basis for ethics based control systems. (Robots 2012)

t is known that our willingness to assign moral responsibility to robots depends/will depend on several other factors than autonomous power, for instance how human-like the robots are. In experiments by Hinds et al. (2004), humans acting together with robotic co-workers retain more responsibility for their own work when the robots are less humanoid. (Robots 2012)

a natural instinctive state of mind deriving from one's circumstances, mood, or relationships with others. (Oxford Dictionary)

Meanwhile, philosophers and cognitive scientists studying horror have focused on the broad contours of the genre’s appeal. (Grief 2021)

Recent decades have seen considerable philosophical and empirical investigation into the appeal of the horror genre. These investigations often begin with the “paradox of horror.” The paradox revolves around the observation that, on the face of it, we shouldn’t enjoy horror because it elicits emotions that are taken to be unpleasant. (Grief 2021)

a feeling of great sadness, especially when someone dies. (Oxford Dictionary)

More specifically, we argue that the use of antagonistic forces in horror—what we broadly refer to as “monsters”—is effective at representing the disruption to one’s core, taken-for-granted beliefs or “assumptive world” that is characteristic of grief. (Grief 2021)

Robots

Some robots, notably UAVs, are equipped with weapons controlled by tele-operation. A few ground based robotic systems that automatically re are in use, primarily in restricted border areas and at sea. A few armed autonomous mobile robots have been developed and introduced to the battleelds, primarily for evaluation. (Robots 2012)

Aristotle (384323 BCE) was one of the rst to construct a theory of moral responsibility. In Nicomachean Ethics III.15 (Aristotle 1985), an agent is described as morally responsible for an action, if it is worthy of praise or blame for having performed the action. (Robots 2012)