Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Physics - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Sound Waves
    - - Electromagnetic
      - Rope
      - Water
  - - - Highest point on Transverse Wave
    - - Lowest point on Transverse Wave
    - - Centre of region in Longitudinal Wave where Particles are Closest to each other.
    - - Centre of region in Longitudinal Wave where Particles are Furthest Apart.
    - - Maximum Displacement of a point from its rest position.
    - - Shortest Distance between any 2 points in phase.
    - - Points are in same phase if they have the same speed,
        direction of travel and displacement from their rest position
    - - Time Taken for a complete wave
    - - Number of complete waves per unit time.
  - - - F = 1/T
    - - v = f λ
- - - - The kinetic model of matter states that particles vibrate, translate (move from one location to another) and even rotate (evolve about an imaginary axis). These motions give the particles kinetic energy.
      - Temperature is a measure of the average amount of kinetic energy possessed by the particles in a sample of matter. The more the particles vibrate, translate and rotate, the greater the temperature of the object
    - - Temperature is a measure of the average amount of kinetic energy possessed by the particles in a sample of matter
    - - Particles at the heated end gain kinetic energy and vibrate vigorously. They collide with neighbouring particles, causing them to vibrate more vigorously as well. This process continues until the particles at the cooler end are also set into vigorous vibration
    - - In metals, thermal energy is also transferred through the process of electron diffusion
        Electrons at the heated end gain kinetic energy and move more rapidly
        They collide atoms in the cooler parts of the metal and transfer their kinetic energy in the process
        This continues until the particles at the cooler end are also set into vigorous vibration
  - - - Surface Area
        
        A greater surface area results in a high rate of absorption or emission of thermal radiation
      - Surface Temperature
        
        A higher temperature relative to its surrounding temperature results in a higher rate of emission of thermal radiation
        
        A lower temperature relative to its surrounding temperature results in a higher rate of absorption of thermal radiation
      - Colour and Texture
        
        Bright and Shiny surfaces are greater emitters of thermal radiation
        
        Dark and Dull surfaces are poorer emitters of thermal radiation
- - - - comes from the intermolecular forces between particles in an object and is dependent on the strength of the intermolecular forces, and how far apart the particles are separated.
    - - as molecules vibrate/move around a substance motion is produced, and is relative to the temperature of the object → temperature is a measure of the average internal kinetic energy of its particles
  - - - Q=CΔθ,
        where Q = thermal energy absorbed or released by object (J)
        C = Heat Capacity Δθ = Change in temperature (K or C°)
  - - - Q = mcΔθ,
        where Q = thermal energy absorbed or released by object (J)
        m = Mass of substance (kg)
        c = Specific Heat Capacity (J/(kg/K))
        Δθ = Change in temperature (K or C°)
- - - - Speed = Distance / Time
        Average Speed = Total Distance / Total time
  - - - Area under Velocity Time graph is displacement
    - - Velocity = displacement/time
        Gradient of D/T graph is velocity
    - - Acceleration due to gravity approx 10m/s^2
      - when resistive forces are equivalent to acceleration due to gravity during free fall, since net force is 0 terminal velocity is reached
- - - - Friction
      - Normal Reaction Force
      - Tension
    - - Gravitational Force
      - Electric Force
      - Magnetic Force
  - - - F = ma (Force = Mass x Acceleration)
    - - For every action in nature there is an equal and opposite reaction (Action-Reaction pairs)
    - - An object at rest will remain at rest, an object in motion will stay in motion at constant speed in in a straight line in the absence of resultant force acting on it.
- - - - Thermometric Substances
        
        Physical properties that vary continuously and linearly with temperature
        Lower and upper fixed points e.g. ice point (0 C, steam point (100° C)
      - Temperature Scales
        
        Celsius scale
      - Types of thermometers
        
        Liquid-in-glass thermometer
        Resistance thermometer
        Thermocouple thermometer
    - - Mercury in glass thermometer / alcohol in glass thermometer
        
        Volume of a fixed mass of liquid
      - Thermocouple thermometer
        
        Electrical voltage or electromotive force (e.m.f.)
      - Resistance Thermometer
        
        Electrical resistance of a piece of metal
      - Constant volume gas thermometer
        
        Pressure of a fixed mass of gas at constant volume
- - - - Can be measured using
        
        Pendulums
        
        Clocks
        
        Stopwatches
        
        Periodic motions called oscillations
    - - Instrument
        
        Vernier Callipers
        
        0.1mm
        
        Micrometer Screw Gauge
        
        0.01mm
        
        Metre Ruler
        
        1mm
        
        Tape Measure
        
        1mm
- - - - Weight (N)
        
        The gravitational force acting upon the object
        
        Gravitational field strength:
        Definition: Region where a mass experiences a force due to gravitational attraction
        Unit: Gravitational field strength (g) is measured in newtons per kilogram (N/kg).
        
        W = m x g (Weight = mass x gravitational field(On Earth is 10N/kg))
      - Density (kg m^-3)
        
        Mass per unit volume
        
        P = m / v (Pressure = mass divided by volume)
- - - - Clockwise
        
        Principle of Moments
        Sum of clockwise moments about a pivot = Sum of anticlockwise moments about the same pivot
        
        Stability of an object
        
        Centre of gravity
        
        Base Area
      - Anticlockwise
- - - - Manometer
        
        Pressure difference
        
        Measuring the height difference between liquid columns
    - - Transmitted equally throughout an enclosed liquid
        
        applied in Hydraulic machines
        
        for example
        
        Hydraulic press
        
        Car hydraulic disc
        
        brake system
      - Pressure p = hpg
        where
        h = height of liquid column (m)
        p = density of liquid (kg m^-3)
        g= gravitational field strength (N kg^-1)
    - - Mercury Barometer
        
        Measuring the height of the mercury column above the surface of the mercury in the trough
- - - - Related to Power
    - - Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can be converted from one form to another. Types of energy are
        
        Kinetic Energy (0.5mv^2)
        
        Efficiency can be equated as
        Efficiency = useful energy output / total energy output * 100%
        
        Potential Energy
        
        Nuclear Energy
        
        Gravitational Potential Energy (mgh(mass x gravitational field x height))
        
        Thermal Energy
        
        Chemical Potential Energy
        
        Electrical Energy
        
        Elastic Potential Energy
        
        Light Energy
- - - - Solid
        
        Shape: Fixed shape
        Volume: Fixed volume
        Compressibility: Incompressible
        Density: High Density
        Intermolecular force(IMF): Very strong
        Separation of particles: Very close together
        Arrangement: Regular
        Motion: Vibrate about fixed positions
      - Liquid
        
        Shape: No Fixed shape
        Volume: Fixed volume
        Compressibility: Incompressible
        Density: High Density
        Intermolecular force(IMF): Strong
        Separation of particles: Close together
        Arrangement: Irregular
        Motion: Slide over one another
      - Gas (No Fixed shape, No Fixed volume, Compressible, Low Density)
        
        Gas Pressure is due to the collision of gas particles with the walls of the container.
        
        is directly proportional to Temperature
        
        is directly proportional to Volume
        
        Is inversely Proportional to Volume
        
        (a) Gas particles move about randomly, continuously and in all directions
        (b) They collide with the inner walls of the container and exert a force on them.
        (c) The average force exerted per unit area is the gas pressure.
        (d) The frequency of collisions also affect the overall gas pressure exerted.
        
        Shape: No Fixed shape
        Volume: No Fixed volume
        Compressibility: Compressible
        Density: Low Density
        Intermolecular force(IMF): Very weak
        Separation of particles: Far apart
        Arrangement: Irregular
        Motion: Move in all directions
    - - Increase in temperature results in particles having higher kinetic energy (i.e. particles move faster).
        
        The greater the temperature, the greater the motion of molecules (Temperature increase, kinetic energy increase, force per collision increase, frequency per collision increase, pressure increase)
      - infer from a Brownian motion experiment the evidence for the movement of particles
        
        Particles like dust move in continuous random motion under observation
        
        The dust particles are suspended within a medium, where the air molecules cannot be seen by the naked eye. The collision of the dust particle and the molecules of the medium is what is inferred to be why the dust particle move continuously and randomly
        
        since these particles like dust are suspended within a medium like air, it can be inferred that are moving continuously and randomly, and collide with the dust particle
    - - Temperature increase, kinetic energy increase, force per collision increase, frequency per collision increase, pressure increase
      - volume of container increase, number of gas particles per unit volume decrease, frequency of gas particles colliding decrease, pressure decrease
      - Temperature increase, kinetic energy increase, force per collision increase, volume of container increase, number of gas particles per unit volume decrease, frequency of gas particles colliding with the inner walls of the container decrease, pressure remains constant