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Integumentary System Luis Madrigal Period 3 - Coggle Diagram
Integumentary System Luis Madrigal Period 3
Major functions of the skin
Act as a protective covering that prevents many substances and pathogenic microorganisms from entering the body.
Protects underlying tissues, houses sensory receptors, and helps in healing wounds.
Conducts part of the process for making vitamin D.
Functions in body temperature regulation, via sweat gland activation, and the dilating and constriction of dermal blood vessels.
Layers of skin
Dermis- Thicker, inner layer of connective tissue, blood vessels, smooth muscle, and nervous tissue
Contains areolar and dense connective tissue, collagen and elastic fibers, sebaceous glands, arrector pili muscle, nerve fibers, hair follicle, blood vessels, eccrine sweat glands, and sensory receptors.
Functions in binding the epidermis to underlying tissues, the fibers provide toughness and elasticity to skin, dermal blood vessels carry nutrients to upper layers of the skin, and help regulate body temperature.
Hypodermis- layer under dermis, consisting of areolar and adipose tissue, not part of the skin
Contains adipose tissue, blood vessels, nerves, and eccrine sweat glands.
Functions in binding skin to underlying tissues, insulating to conserve body heat, and contains major blood vessels that supply the skin.
Epidermis- thin, outer layer of stratified squamous epithelium
Contains hair shafts, melanocytes, and consists of 4 layers in most areas, 5 in thick skin. (stratum corneum, stratum lucidum*, stratum grandulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale)
Functions in the protection against water loss, mechanical injury, chemicals, and microorganisms.
Accessory organs
Nails- protective coverings over the ends of fingers and toes.
Consists of a free edge, nail plate, nail bed, lunula, and cuticle.
Lunula- moon-shaped structure at base of nail plate; most actively growing region of the nail root.
Function in the protection of the sensitive tips of the fingers, they support the tips of the fingers.
Glands
Sweat (Sudoriferous) Glands
Eccrine: memocrine glands that respond to body temperature; more abundant type; many found on forehead, neck, back
Apocrine: merocrine glands which become active at puberty; respond to fear, emotional upset, pain, or sexual arousal; numerous in axilla and groin
Sweat contains proteins and fats that produce body odor.
Modified Sweat Glands
Ceruminous glands: secrete wax in the ear canal, to trap dust and pathogens.
Mammary glands: secrete milk to nourish a baby.
Sebaceous Glands- secrete an oily substance called sebum, that waterproofs and moisturizes the hair shafts and skin.
Hair
Consists of the hair papilla, hair follicle, hair bulge, hair root, and hair shaft.
Functions in helping to insulate against the cold by conserving body heat, provides protection, regulation of body temperature, and acts as sense organs.
Skin Cancer and ABDCE rule
Skin Cancer
Cutaneous melanomas
Characteristics- pigmented with melanin, irregular rather than smooth outlines, may feel bumpy, people of any age can develop, caused by short, intermittent exposure to high-intensity sunlight.
Location- usually appears in the skin on the back of limbs, arising from normal-appearing skin of from a mole
Removal- Surgical removal during the horizontal growth phase, once the lesion thickens and deepens it becomes difficult to treat and the survival rate is low.
Cutaneous carcinomas
Characteristics- most common, affecting mostly light-skinned people over 40 regularly exposed to sunlight, develops form hard, dry, scaly growths that have reddish bases. May be flat or raised and usually firmly adhere to the skin.
Location- most common on the neck, face, or scalp
Removal- grows slowly and are usually cured with surgical removal or radiation treatment
ABCDE rule- provides a checklist for melanoma
C for color (more than one)
D for diameter (>6 millimeters)
B for border (irregular)
E for evolution or change
A for asymmetry
Degree of Burns and rule of nines
Degree of Burns
Deep partial-thickness (2nd degree)- destroys some epidermis as well as some underlying dermis, will cause blisters and might scar.
Full thickness Burn (3rd degree)- destroys the epidermis, the dermis, and the accessory structures of the skin, will cause nerve damage and might require artificial skin.
Superficial partial-thickness burn (1st degree)- injuring only the epidermis, no scar
Rule of Nines- subdividing the skin's surface into regions, each accounting for 9% (or multiple of 9) of total surface area.