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UNIT 31. TEXT AND CONTEXT. TEXT STRETCH OF LANGUAGE: CREATE PROCESS OF…
UNIT 31. TEXT AND CONTEXT.
TEXT STRETCH OF LANGUAGE: CREATE PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION
MUST MAKE SENSE IN CONTEXT
TEXT AND CONTEXT
TEXT NOT ONLY SYSTEM OF CODES AND MESSAGES IN SENTENCES
VALUE --> RECEIVED BY SOMEONE WHO UNDERSTANDS
ADRESSER SENDS MESSAGE TO AN ADRESSEE
DECODE IT
SUCCESS --> RECEIVED IDENTICAL TO SENT
MAY BE UNSUCCESSFUL --> HOW WE SENT IT
GRICE
: TRUE, CLEAR, RELLEVANT AND BRIEF
CONTEXT
INTENTION OF MEANING
HOW THAT INTENTION IS ENTERPRETED
ENVIRONMENT AND PREVIOUS AND ASSUMED KNOWLEDGE
MOST CONVERSATIONS: KNOWLEDGE SHARED
LUCY :pencil2:
EXPLICIT CONTEXT
EXPRESSION ITSELF
VERBAL ELEMENTS (ORAL / WRITTEN)
NON-VERBAL
IMPLICIT CONTEXT
IDEALS, CONVENTIONS AND KNOWLEDGE.
LACK OF IMPLICIT --> EXPLICIT MEANINGLESS
CONTEXTUAL FEATURES
CRYSTAL AND DAVY :fountain_pen:
INDIVIDUALITY
UNCONSCIOUS AND PERMANENT
DISTINGUISH US
EFFECT LANGUAGE THAT WE USE AND HOW
DIALECT
ARE THEY UNDERSTANDING?
ARE THEY PAYING ATTENTION?
ACCENT
SOCIAL SCALE
AM I TAKEN SERIOUSLY?
PROVINCE OF LANGUAGE
LANGUAGE REFLECTS OCCUPATIONAL ACTIVITY
ADVERTS, LAW, SCIENCE
STYLES UNDERSTOOD IN CORRECT CONTEXT
MEDICINE
MODALITY
DIFFERENCES FORMS AND MEDIUM OF COMMUNICATION.
ESSAY VS POSTCARD
TELEGRAM VS ESSAY
IF FEATURES PRESENT--> COMMUNICATION MORE LIKELY TO SUCCEED :check:
FEATURES OF TEXT
REGULATIVE
EFFICIENCY: REGULATES SATISFACTORY RESULT WITHOUT BIG EFFORTS TO NEGOTIATE MEANING: MUTUAL UNDERSTANDING.
EFFECTIVE
MUST BE SUITABILITY TEXT-CONTEXT
CONSTRUCTIVE
SITUATIONALITY: RELLEVANT TO SPEECH EVENT
INFORMATIVITY: INFO NEEDED AND EXPECTED
INTERTEXTUALITY: A TEXT MAY REQUIRE OTHER PREVIOUS TEXTS
INTENTIONALITY: CONSCIOUS EFFORTS --> MESSAGE IS THE INTENDED
ACCEPTABILITY: COHESIVE AND COHERENT
COHERENCE AND COHESION
COHERENCE AND CLARITY: COHESIVE DEVICES
HALLIDAY AND HASSAN
:fountain_pen:
COHERENCE: MIX REGISTER AND COHESIVE DEVICES
COHESIVE DEVICES
LEXIS
HOW WORDS ARE USED TO PROVIDE COHESION
REPETITION (CHURCHILL)
SYNONYMS
(ASTONISHED-SHOCKED)
REFERENCE
: WORDS ARE MENTIONED ELSEWHERE TEXT
ANAPHORA: REFERS BACK (TURKEY)
CATAPHORA: POINTS AHEAD (EARPHONES)
SUBSTITUTION
: REFERS TO A CLASS OF WORDS
LESS SPECIFIC THAN REFERENCE
GRANDMA SHOES
ELLIPSIS
: OMISSIONS
OMITTED ELEMENT CLARIFIED CONTEXT
SHORT ANSWER NO I AM NOT
CONJUNCTIONS
WORDS THAT TIE SENTENCES
RELATIONS BETWEEN CLAUSES
REGISTER
OPEN REGISTER
FREEDOM TO USE LANGUAGE
TO BE CREATIVE: PHONE CALLS, LETTERS
NOT REALLY FREE
JOB INTERVIEWS THROUGH PHONE
CLOSED REGISTER
RESTRICTED
LANGUAGE ADEQUATE TO THE CONTEXT AND CIRCUMSTANCE
PILOTS
LEGAL PROFESSION, JARGON, SPORTS
DIALECTS AND REGISTERS
DIALECT
DISTINCTIVE FEATURES SHARED BY COMMUNITY
WHERE YOU ARE FROM GEO OR SOCIA
SAYS SAME THINGS BUT DIFFERENTLY --> ITALIAN DIALECTS
REGISTER
USES OF A LANGUAGE ACCORDING TO CONTEXT
NEGATIVE OR POSITIVE: ACCENTS
NEUTRAL OR UPPER: BETTER THAN NORTHERN
RP: GREATER RESPECT, EDUCATED
TEXT TYPOLOGY
NARRATIVE
TELLING OF A STORY
NARRATOR: CHARACTER 1ST PERSON, OUTSIDE 3RD
ACTION PROGRESSES: NARRATOR DIFF STANDPOINTS
FEELINGS AND THOUGHS OF CHARACTERS
TIME SCALE: CHRONOLOGICAL
KEEP INFO
REVEALED AT END
DESCRIPTIVE
PART OF NARRATIVE
MAJOR COMPONENT: SETTING WHERE ACTION TAKES PLACE
TEXT USED MEANS OF EXPRESSION FEELINGS TOWARDS SETTING
CREATE A MENTAL IDEA
ARGUMENTATIVE
GOAL: CONVINCE AUDIENCE THESIS VALID
PERSUASION: ARGUMENTS NEED EVIDENCE
SUBJECTIVE
EXPOSES IDEAS
PROVOCATIVE OR DESIRES
OBJECTIVE
SCIENTIFIC SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS
COMMENTARY
INFO ABOUT A SPECIFIED TOPIC
DIFF POV
EXPLICATIVE
POINT-BY-POINT EXPLANATION
COMPARISON
SET THE ITEM AGAINST SOMETHING ELSE
ILLUSTRATION
: GIVE AN EXAMPLE
SENTENCES LIKE FOR INSTANCE
DEFINITION
: + STRAIGHFORWARD
DIALOGICAL
CONVERSATIONAL INTERACTION OF DISCOURSE
ORAL EXCHANGE
S1 SENDS A MESSAGE TO S2
APPROPRIATE CODE IN CONTEXT
PROGRESSES THROUGH TURNS (SOMETIMES FORGOTTEN)