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3107 Exam Prep - Coggle Diagram
3107 Exam Prep
Personality
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Personological Approach
Looks at an indv's underlying motivations in relation to environmental or contextual / how they react or function under certain environmental factors
Henry Murray called psychological motivations (need for achievement, affiliation and power) as needs and environmental factors as presses
Measures that assesses needs include the adjective checklist and the thematic apperception test (TAT) / uses pictures of identifiable objects unlike the abstract inkblots
Similar to the inkblot test, the TAT has issues of interrater reliability and predictive validity
Eclectic Approach takes different theories and methodologies together to use it in a particular scenario / usually based on the aims and presented problems (taking mala liao essentially, Ted's notes said it)
Mcadams talks about the various levels of knowing, depending on the need, the level of knowing is decided this way
Intermediate knowing = going in deeper, beyond broad traits and dispositions like beliefs, desires and coping mechanisms
Intimate knowing = goes beyond standardised measures and has a heavy emphasis on interviews, looking at an indv's experiences, psych processes which are idiosyncratic to the indv
Knowing at the level of a stranger = assessments of dispositions are already sufficient/ looks at the various traits and tendencies
Interpersonal Approach
Looks beyond the indv and at the social interactions amongst ppl/ personality only makes sense when you consider the social context
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Measures include self-report or observing interactions amongst people/ particularly with significant others as early life social exps could result in certain predictable patterns of how you relate to others
Circumplex model as a systematic procedure when observing interactions amongst others, which maps an indv onto a target point in relation to many axes
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Empirical Approach = resembles the multivariate approach, where it looks at various factors and each factor is assessed by a set of items
But the empirical approach puts less emphasis on the underlying theories and expert judgment. It instead focuses on the psychometric properties and utilities instead
Items that have the highest predictive validity is kept even if tests like the MMPI has items like if an indv like horse riding
Has a clinical psych origin, where it was first dvped by Starke Hathaway and JC Mckinley, who used it to diagnose psychiatric patients
Psychoanalytic Approach
Freudian Perspective which looks at the unconscious mind, motivations and processes
When tapping on these unconscious cognitive processes, it dictates your true personality / how you react and behave
Tests used to assess this include interviews and projective techniques like the rorschach inkblot test
Despite systems like the exner systrem, subjectivity of results cannot be eradicated/ predictive validity is an issue too
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Positive Psych
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They want to help humans function optimally and hence gave us new methods of personality assessments
Improve functioning, improve an indv's wellbeing and overall cognitive functioning
Self-actualisation, flow and character strengths
Educational Psychology
Assessment
Summative Assessment
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No feedback, just scores, not to learn more
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Intelligence
Definition
Implicit Theories of Intelligence:
reflect personal definitions and assumptions abt how intelligence is structured (lay theories)
Explicit Theories of Intelligence:
based on empirical research that tests hypotheses abt nature of intelligence
Psychometric Approach:
properties of test, evaluation of its correlates and underlying dimensions - based on factor analytic procedures
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In terms of a variety of behaviours that bear relation to cognitive demands and/or cognitive ability
General Mental Ability:
existence of systematic individuals diff in performance of tasks that involve manipulation, retrieval, evaluation/process of info
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Piaget's View
Intelligence is a particular instance of biological adaptation to the environment as a result of schema development
Equilibrium towards which successive adaptations and exchanges btw organism and environment are directed
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Gardner's Multiple Intelligence:
Intelligence compromises multiple, discrete modalities that are not aggregated to g
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Musical
Appreciation pf melody, rhythm, timbre and tone quality of early songs
Logical-mathematical
Arises as child begins to manipulate objects and moves from the concrete to abstract with development
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Bodily Kinesthetic
Ability to use body in differentiated and skilled ways like athletes, dancers, mine, artists/typists
Intrapersonal
Well developed sense of identity, includes awareness of one's own feelings
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Measure Intelligence
Binet
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Binet and Henri (1895)
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"Idiot", "Imbecile" classifications
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