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Regulation Case Studies - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Can be argued that the film was regulated not due to its explicit nature but due to re-regulation designed to protect corporate + government interests, as proposed by Julain Petley. Since movie included highly controversial topic of inmates on death-row and unethical experimentation on them due to government's disregard of their life, it would have been in the government's interest to have the movie as an 18+ and limited to audiences so as to not spark widespread debates over this controversial topic.
      - According to Livingstone and Lunt, regulating High Life was likely challenging for regulatory bodies as they would have had to decide whether they wanted to meet consumer demands or citizens needs.
  - - - directed and written by: Matthew Holness ( comedian) which is a hyperbole and i believe is the reason the movie was bad.
  - - - Release date: August 24, 2018 (United Kingdom)
        
        Box office: 1.5 million USD
        
        Casting directors: Shaheen Baig, Cecile S. Burrowes
        
        Art directors: Alison Adams, Donna Noble
        
        Why was it rated a BBFC 15?: minimum violence/nudity/ the romanticisation of drugs, the feature of the cyclical nature of drugs.
        
        So why was it rated a 15 in the Uk? (characteristics):
        
        At this classification, strong violence and threat are acceptable; however, explicit representations of sexual violence or sadism/torture are not. Also unlikely to be accepted in this category is a prolonged threat of sexual or sadistic nature.
        
        While all non-sexual nudity is acceptable, sexualized nudity is often only accepted in very limited circumstances (though brief glimpses of erections have appeared in some 15-rated works). Strong sexual allusions and sexually explicit scenes are acceptable so long as they don't go into great depth unless the work's main goal is to stimulate.
        
        If not romanticised, there could be scenes of drug usage and drug use/imitable behaviour.
        
        Strong language is acceptable (for instance, "fk"). Strong words, such as "ct," should be used sparingly and only when necessary. However, the usage should not be excessive or forceful. Depending on the swearword used, it may occasionally contain minor to extremely light foul language that is comparable to PG and 12A/12 (for instance, "crap," "freak"). There could be sexist, homophobic, or other offensive language or themes.
        
        Behavior that is dangerous "should not linger on detail that can be duplicated."
        
        Regarding how this may be used to Yardie, for example, drug dealing may be demonstrated as a part of the criminal underground and as highlighting the risks associated with narcotics. Marijuana is also a part of Jamaican culture because it is permitted there. There are some light sex scenes presented, and while the violence is not as horrifying as in High Life, it may still be frightful at times. In High Life, a scene depicts a guy being repeatedly stabbed with a shard of glass and struck in the face. Later, his body is covered in a lot of blood, and his face has been gravely wounded/ mutilated
  - - - While the movie does have diversity amongst the cast, black characters are frequently subjected to physical and verbal abuse
    - - Although violence is not graphic, it is frequent. Perhaps giving it its 18 rating by BBFC. Language is also very explicit, with multiple uses of racial slurs
- - - - consumers want autonomy, they want the freedom to watch whatever films they want, but citizens need to be protected by harmful content therefore regulation is needed for social welfare.
        EXAMPLE: 1980s video nasties show how although consumers desired to watch thrilling films that were classified as video nasties, children and other vulnerable members in the public needed to be protected from explicit content. In the end, regulatory bodies chose to prioritise citizens, therefore 1984 video recordings act published
    - - Emergence of streaming platforms eg. Netflix, Youtube, pirated websites etc. makes regulation harder because regulatory bodies do not exercise control over them. HOWEVER, these streaming platforms do exercise self-regulation because of public pressure eg. Netflix is firm streaming service in UK to use BBFC ratings on 100% of their content
    - - Regulation cannot be applied consistently across the media industry because large conglomerates can exercise their power to bypass regulation. This is because conglomerates have high retained profits which they can use in activities like bribery or covering up activities that go against regulation.
        EXAMPLE: News interntional phone hacking scandal when World Of News was found that have hacked the phones of celebs, members of the royal family, the public eg. murdered school girl Milly, victims of 2005 London bombings
  - - - Identification: someone or something is perceived as a threat to social norms and interests of community
        Recognization: The news, media and community members depict the threat in simplistic and symbolic ways that can be understood by the public.
        Portrayal: Widespread public concern is aroused by the way news media portrays the symbolic representation to the threat.
        Response: The authorities and policymakers respond to the threat be it real or perceived with new laws or policies.
        Impacts: The moral panic and the subsequent actions of those in power lead to social change in the community.
        
        FOLK DEVILS: Folk devils refer to a group whose common interest or activity has become stigmatized by the society and becomes the target for adverse comments and behaviour.
        AUTHORITY FIGURE: The news media plays its role by breaking the news about the threat and continuing to report it. Sometimes this leads to new policies being made over regulation to control panic among the audiences such banning or cutting some scenes.
    - - EXAMPLE: 1980's Video Nasties in the UK. Since, violent video games were becoming a threat to the children promoting agression and violence in some cases.
        The newspapers acted as the portrayal and recognition in highlighting this issue to the audience which created moral panic
        Since then, under the video nasties act, they were allowed to ban and uncut scenes that deemed to be as a threat.
  - - - EXAMPLE 1: Volkswagen ad banned for potentially presenting harmful gender stereotypes
        Complaints said the ad showed men engaged in adventurous activities but the female rock climber was “passive” because she was asleep, and the woman with the pram was depicted in a stereotypical caregiving role. Volkswagen said its ad was not sexist and that caring for a newborn was a life-changing experience about adaptation, regardless of the gender of the parent depicted.
        Section 4.9 under ASA reads: “Marketing communications must not include gender stereotypes that are likely to cause harm, or serious or widespread offence.” Per CNN’s report, three complaints were levied against this ad, which we have embedded at the top of this article for you to watch.
        This would be considered over-regulation because of how small this issue is. According to ASA, the gender stereotype of a mother taking care of a baby is seen as harmful, however, these jobs exists and people shown in the ad exists. It is not promoting anyting harmful. Using Volkswagen's arguement, the ad is seen to embrace these activities. THis pushed the company into increasing its diversity, further satisfying corporate's interests for wanting further diversity and other ideologies they follow.
        Another Volkswagen ad was also removed due to many complaints from viewers, calling the ad racist for using a certain signature that could be interpreted as 'white power.
        
        EXAMPLE 2:Dragged Across Concrete
        Although the film was not cut and not regulated or banned, the film didn't recieve the distribution it needed to be successful since there are scenes that goes against corporate interests. Lionsgate did not advertise this film enough to reach a wider audience.
        
        Volkswagen ad
        
        EXAMPLE 3: I Spit On Your Grave
        
        The Human Centipede 2
        
        Originally banned due to highly explicit sexual violence, graphic forced defecation, and potential obscenity. The film was given an official age certificate of 18 by the BBFC on 6 October 2011 while the distributors agreed to make 32 cuts (two minutes and thirty-seven seconds) prior to release.