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It is hypothesised that the average heart will be higher after the upbeat…

- - - - Heavy Rock
      - Classical
  - - - Objective Quantitative Data
        
        Advantages
        
        Heart Rate is measured in BPM which is a numerical value that can be easily quantified and plotted on a graph or table aiding in the comparison and analysis of the data
        
        As it is objective there is no bias within the data
        
        Disadvantages
        
        As it is objective quantitative data no in depth analysis can be undertaken on the participants and all the data must be strictly numerical
        
        Several other factors as mentioned in the extraneous variables can impact upon the investigation and disrupt the accuracy in data
  - - - These variables are in regards to the situation and can be avoided or attempted to be controlled if there were to be a remake of this investigation.
        
        A factor that can impact upon the participants heart rate is the temperature. If this is the case the dependent variable is tampered with as it is not clear whether the change in heart rate is caused by the temperature or the music.
        
        The environment could also have a potential impact on the heart rate of the participant.
    - - These variables are solely based on the participant and hence are inevitable. While they are representative of the population they differ from person to person meaning they can never truly be controlled or stopped. They alone can cause inconsistencies in the results and could potentially invalidate them.
        
        Age
        
        Race
        
        Gender
        
        Mood
        
        Health Conditions
  - - - In order to limit participant variables
    - - If the music were to be played longer for some participants and shorter for others it could have more time to impact the heart rate. For this reasons keeping the same 5 and 10 minute intervals was important.
    - - The same watches were used by all participants meaning any error with the watch's measurements were kept consistent
    - - If the songs used were different then the difference no matter how significant could impact the heart rate hence influence the results.
- - - - The volume likely impacted the music's affect on the participant's arousal. The difference in volume could either increase stimulation or decrease it and could impact the heart rate and therefore the results.
    - - Several classes took part in this investigation at different times, in different settings, with different people surrounding them and with a different conductor. These differences in environment, surroundings and timing could have impacted participant variables and therefore the data produced.
    - - Due to participants using different types of headphones and laptops they were all exposed to other audio qualities. This impacts the results as the differing audio quality will affect the ability of the music to arouse each participant. Some participants, more so those with better audio quality, would be significantly impacted by the music compared to those with worse audio quality. This impacts the reliability and validity of the data as it is another variable that could affect a participant's arousal.
    - - As there was only 1 trial of the experiment and the sample size was relatively small, the chance of random errors was greater and they had an increased impact on the results. The size of the sample size also limits the ability of the data to represent the entire population.
    - - It was not checked or enforced that students kept their eyes closed while listening to the music despite it being a clear instruction in the methodology. This could impact the participants as it makes them susceptible to environmental distractions. These distractions could influence the heart rate and skew the results as the change in heart rate may not be based solely on the music but rather on external factors
  - - - All participants were made aware of the fact that their participation was not required prior to the investigation and were not placed in a position of pressure from the conductors of the investigation
    - - Participants were instructed and advised to record the data accurately not only to keep their confidentiality but in order to keep the validity of the results.
    - - At the end of the investigation participants were all debriefed and made aware of any deception undertaken in order to keep the investigation fair.
    - - This consideration was adhered to as all participations were given information slips regarding the events that would be undertaken during the investigation. Those under 16 were required an adult signature meanwhile those over 16 could consent for themselves after having read the slip.
    - - Participants were all made aware that they could get up and leave at any point if they felt uncomfortable. However, some participants may have felt peer pressured into staying so as to avoid embarrassment from the other participants who also happen to be their peers.
    - - Participants were all given random ID numbers and the results were recorded by themselves to ensure confidentiality was maintained. As participants were seated fairly close to each other however participants could possibly have seen one another's results by accident or purposefully.
- - - - Large spread of students meaning that this data can be loosely applied in general to all high school students
    - - Lack of variability meaning that the results are not necessarily applicable to the population
      - Biases could exist ... students could manipulate data to align with their hypothesis as they are directing influencing the results
- - - - Advantages
        
        Largely controlled investigation with several controlled variables. One independent variable manipulated by the host of the investigation
        
        No bias data as the data type is objective quantitative
        
        Cause and effect can be determined
        
        Easily replicable
      - Disadvantages
        
        Only one trial was conducted meaning that there is potential for increased random errors.
        
        As the investigation was conducted in a "laboratory setting" the results cannot be applied with guaranteed accuracy to a "real world" scenario.
        
        Relatively small sample size in comparison to population