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18th CENTURY
THE CULTURE OF OPTIMISM (02)
5.1 CHARACTERISTICS
scientific and intellectual advances
accepted by everybody
society
still illiterate
difficult to universalise ideas + discoveries
enlightenment
18th century
new intellectual movement
thinkers
Noblemen
Bourgeoisie
Clergymen
brought back ideas of
cultural movements
philosophical movements
optimistic
intellectual movement
reason
illuminate the darkness
society’s errors
way to overcome
biased notions
religious dogmas
progress
development of knowledge
civilisation could
control nature
create well-being and wealth.
happiness
individual right
societal aspiration
leaders were obligated to provide
2.2 EVOLUTION OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT
reformist movement
defended its aims
through reforms of
society
politics
culture
economy
most thinkers
monarchists
to guarantee individual rights
to moderate the power of absolute kings.
education and pedagogy
important
thinkers
supported extending it
Church didn't consume
base
basic knowledge
inportant knowledge
intellectual elites
scientific + technical innovations
Church + absolutism
lose influence
improvements
progress in literacy
reading
writing
more radical critique of the political + social system
2.3 THE SPREAD OF ENLIGHTENMENT IDEAS
ideas
printed in books + press
spread by the
Encyclopédie
most important book
edited by French thinkers
Diderot and D’Alembert
1751 + 1772
summarise the knowledge of the era
alphabetically
25,000 people subscribed to it.
2.4 WOMEN IN THE ENLIGHTENMENT
inequality + subordination
compared to men
women protested about their social situation
tried to improve it
salons: marie-thérèse rodet
started her own salon
science, literature, art
more women began to work in professions
became visible
important scientific and cultural contributions
THE ENLIGHTENMENT IN SPAIN (03)
NEW EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
monarchs created them
Academies
protected by the king
Sociedades Económicas de Amigos del País
stimulate study and experimentation to improve
agriculture and artisan industries
in the kingdoms and territories of the Hispanic Monarchy.
THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION AND TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES (01)
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
scientific method
observation + experimentation
empiricism
that can't be validated by observation/ experimentation
Englishman Francis Bacon
rationalism
truths established by authority/tradition should be criticised
reason --> only valid crciterion
Frenchman René Descartes
THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION OF THE 18TH CENTURY (04)
AGRICULTURAL INNOVATIONS
fallow method
some of the land uncultivate
to regenerate the soils
continuous crop rotation
legumes...
introducing crops that replenished the soil
field was not fallow
products from the Americas were grown
shoeing of draft horses --> improved
PARLIAMENTARIANISM AND ENLIGHTENED DESPOTISM (05)
5.1 ABSOLUTISM AND PARLIAMENTARIANISM
18th century
contenporary Age
absolute monarchies + parliamentary monarchies
ended between the first years of the century and its final decades
absolute monarchies
superiority of the king’s power over all others
rowing centralisation of political and administrative decisions
permanent army under the orders of the king
LOUIS XIV
parliamentary monarchies
controlled the monarch’s power
example: England
chose new monarchs
Mary II + William III of Orange
Bill of Rights
parliamentary republican political systems
governed
nobility + wealthy middle class
elected local assemblies
Holy Empire + italian Peninsula
economic + cultural development
United Provinces
formed colonial empire.
5.2 ENLIGHTENED DESPOTISM
variant of absolutism
some reforms of Enlightenment
REFORMS
economic
increased income from the royal estate
improvements
communication routes
agriculture
crafts
commerce
manual workers were taught skills
political
parliaments were no longer convened
provincial goverment
was reorganised to strengthen the territorial power of the kings
regalist
their own entity
designed to gain privileges within the Church
tax exemptions enjoyed by the clergy
THE BOURBON REFORMS AND THEIR LIMITS (06)
1.1 THE WAR OF SUCCESSION AND ITS CONSEQUENCES
Carlos II died so there were two pretenders to the throne
Carlos of Habsburg
supporters
Crown of Aragón
Felipe of Bourbon
king of the monarchy’s different kingdoms
1701-1702
supporters
Crown of Castila
He chose Felipe of Bourbon as his heir
Hague Alliance
war on France and on Felipe V
international war in 1701
Hispanic Monarchy
civil war in 1705
supporters of the Habsburgs against the Bourbons
lost its European territories
being recognised as king of Spain + the Indies
Peace of Utrech
1713
ended with the European war
Felipe V renounced his claim to the French throne
all commercial and territorial concessions to the Alliance powers
civil war ended
1715
Felipe V punished Crown of Aragón
because they betrayed him
he invoked the right of conquest
he used Nueva Planta decrees
to abolish the courts
6.2 POLITICAL REFORMS
Spanish Bourbons imposed absolute monarchy inspired by French absolutist system
began evolving towards the Enlightenment despotism
cabinets
ministers who were responsible for the main matters of government
after Nueva Planta decrees
Aragionish institutions (abolished) replaced by new ones
America
viceroyalties of New Granada and Río de la Plata created
regalist policies
carried out in the Church
The Count of Floridablanca
persuaded the pope to dissolve the Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
1773
6.3 FOREIGN POLICY
seven years war
when the war ended
Treaty of Paris
confirmed British hegemony in the world, in exchange it received Louisiana from France.
Bourbon monarchs in the 18th century
FELIPE V
1700 - 1724
he had to win in the War of Succession to take the throne
he renounced in favour of his son Luis in 172
LUIS I
1724
he was on the throne only 6 months because of his dead
succeeded by his father (Felipe V)
FELIPE V
1724-1746
returned to the throne on the death of his first- born son (luis I)
FERNANDO VI
1746–1759
no children
after his death he was succeeded by Carlos III
CARLOS III
1759–1788
king in 1759 of Napoles and Sicily
main example of Enlightenment despotism is Spain
CARLOS IV
1788–1808
he saw transitional period between two eras
forced to abdicate
6.5ECONOMIC REFORMS: TRADE
domestic trade
difficult because of the rugged Spanish terrain, poor conditionsof roads
Boubons promoted public work (for the state) which improved the situation
communication difficult
free trades in various ports
foreign trade
more important in America
liberalisation of the grain trade
1765
6.6 ECONOMIC REFORMS: CRAFT
favoured the popular or domestic craft industry
new textile sector
Barcelona
printed cotton fabrics
governments of the Hispanic Monarchy
Royal manufacturers
luxury or basic products
country’s level of consumption
very low
ART IN THE 18TH CENTURY: FROM BAROQUE TO NEOCLASSICAL
(07)
7.1 BAROQUE AND ROCOCO
Baroque art
17th century
movement, light and colour
curved lines and decorative profusion
Rococo style
decorative style
not develop architectural style
stone and shell motifs
18th century
painting
sculpture
architecture
7.2 NEOCLASSICISM
return to the simpler
forms of classical Ancient Greek and Roman art
18 th century
against the excesses of the Rococo style
sculpture
painting
architecture
