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Encoding, Murdock study position effects primacy and recency, Storage,…
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Storage
STM
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Limited duration as shot as 30 seconds, but possibley longer
According to baddeley, shot term memory is encoded acoustically. BAdele’s did a study on similar and dissimilar sounding words and synonyms and antonyms. The study. Found that words recalled immediately after were encoded acoustically, and found that words recalled after a 20 minute delay were encoded semantically
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Sensation
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-Information taken in by the senses
- does NOT include interpretation
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Smell, taste, touch, sight, hearing
Rats playing football
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Hypothesis
Rats that are reward for scoring point will score more points than rats that are not rewarded for scoring point
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Group 2
Every time a rat scores a goal, the game is paused and rat is rewarded in front of other rats 10g (one mous trap worth) of cheddar
Sampling methods
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Stratified sampling-participants are selected from different subgroups based on the proportion of the subgroups in the population
It can be difficult to define groups well, resulting in sample bias where one group is over or underrepresented
If done properly, this is one of the most effective sampling techniques to ensure all subgroups are represented.
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Interference
Mcgeoch and McDonald’s : Aimed to test interference by having participants memorise a list, view a new list, and then recall the original list.
Participants: 12people
method: participants viewed a list of ten words, and rehearsed then until they knew them 100% recall. Then they saw another list, and had to recall the original list.Each participant was read the list to perform the tasks in a random order. With the first list read, a test of memory,and then one of the following six
1.list of synonyms to the first List
2.antonyms to the first list
3.words unrelated words
- Words unrelated to the original ones
5.three-digit number
- Control conditions with no second list
Results:participants that had a second task more similar to the first task were more likely to forget the words
Weakness: sample size too small, because the task is not a natural way we use memory(for memorising random words lists)the task is not ecologically valid
Strengths: participants were tested to ensure they had 100% recall of the original list, controlling for extraneous variable in how fast they could memorise
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Naughty teddy study
41% gave correct answer when display was
all primary students were from the same school
deliberately changes
68% when it was accidental
Conclusion other traditional methods of testing for knowledge of conservation among children may have underestimated their ability
Weakness: Children may have not understood language in experiment or may have not noticed bear changing the display
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Binocular cues
Retinal Dispanity— Each eye will see a slightly different image and the brain can process to understand more about the image such as distance and depth.-convergence- when two things get closer together.
- when eyes converge, it gives us information on distance
Monocular cues
Height in plane— things higher up appear further away
relative size— when one thing looks smaller than another similar thing, it will appear furthers away
occlusion—one thing is blocked by another, it will appear further away
linear perspective— parallel lines will appear to converge in the distance
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Demand characteristic is controlled by deceiving participants. They were told that they were matching pictures