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THE ENLIGHTENMENT THE CULTURE OF OPTIMISM - Coggle Diagram
THE ENLIGHTENMENT
THE CULTURE OF OPTIMISM
The enlightment
it was an important optimistic intellectual movement that emerged in Europe during the 18th century
France was its main epicentre
it expressed hope through these next ideas
progress
thought as, the development of knowledge so that civilisation could control nature and create a wellbeing and wealth
happiness
it was considered a individual right
Reason
human rationality was believed to illuminate the darkness and society's errors
it led to some enlightenment thinkers to change all religious beliefs
it was mostly based in a reformist movement
educational progress
the thought of the church not monopolising education
extend education to the people, limit it as (basic knowledge)
scientific and technical innovations were created
loss of the cultural and political influence
the development of the enlightenment caused the church and the absolutism to lose part of its influence
more radical critique of the political and social system emerged
these were the most effective enlighten thinkers about society and politics
Voltaire (1694-1778)
middle-class property owner who advocated freedom of religion
criticised the structure of the church and the religious fanaticism
he was in favour of enlighten despotism
fought for civil rights and judicial reform
Rousseau (1712-1778)
he came from a middle-classed background
he proposed a society where sovereignty was in hands of people and not of the king .
he supported democracy
Montesquieu (1689-1755)
he criticised absolute monarchies (were the king held all power)
he proposed a moderate monarchy with separation of executive, legislative and judicial powers
The spread of enlighten ideas
the new enlighten ideas were printed in the press and in book
Encyclopaedia
edited by the French enlighten thinkers Diderot and D'Alembert
it has 28 volumes, and it was published in 1751 and 1772
the ideas were organised alphabetically, and it was complimented by pictures illustrating the content
newspapers
at the end of the 18th centaury newspapers were published daily
gatherings
the ideas were spread by word of mouth
these gathering were only made by the nobility and upper class in salons
reading socletles
these where the first public "libraries" where people could borrow books
academis
scientists and intellectuals gathered in academies where lectures were given
Women in the enlightenment
women protested over inequality, so they tried to improve their situation in society by using enlighten ideas
Salons: Marie - Thérése Rodet (1699-1777)
She created her own salons whose guests included important philosopher, scientists...
D’Alembert, Diderot, Benjamin Franklin, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Madame Necker, and Gustav III of Sweden.
science, literature and art
women started working in professions previously worked by men, and made important contributions in the enlighten years
María Gaetana Agnesi (1718–1799)
A teacher, linguist and mathematician
She taught at the University of Bologna.
she published a number of books on calculus that were used in teaching for a long time
Mary Wollstonecraft (1759–1797)
One of the first women to become known as a feminist
she became an important treatise on women’s rights, entitled A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792)
she worked as a translator, she wrote tales and short stories
Émile Du Chatelet (1706–1749)
A mathematician, physicist and writer
she helped disseminate the theories of Newton by translating his works into French, a very important step of Newton’s work in France.
