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THE ENLIGHTENMENT: THE CULTURE OF OPTIMISM, happiness, pregess, reason,…
THE ENLIGHTENMENT: THE CULTURE OF OPTIMISM
CHARACTERISTICS OF ENLIGHTENMENT
A new intellectual movement
in the 18th century
spread through Europe
France was the centre
ideas
cultural and philosophical
humanism
empiricism
rationalism
optimistic movement
Reason
to overcome
biased nations
religious dogmas
fix society's errors
Progress
development of knowledge
control nature
create
well-being
wealth
Happiness
leaders provide
individual right
societal aspiration
THE EVOLUTION OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT
reformist movements
Enlightenment thinkers
monarchists
supported reforming monarchies
moderate the power of the kings
extend education
through the people
against the monopoly of the church
lose influence
education and pedagogy
scientific and technical innovations
more critical intellectual attitude
very radical critiques
political and social system
not enough with
triumph
happiness
progress
MONTESQUIEU
French magistrate
criticised absolute monarchies
he proposed the separation of powers
legislative
judicial
executive
VOLTAIRE
criticised the church
religious fanatism
structure
he wanted freedom of religion
ROUSSEAU
he proposed democracy
people have the sovereignty
expressed general will
guide society
not king
a model of society
THE SPREAD OF ENLIGHTENMENT IDEAS
printed books
Encyclopédie
most important book in the enlightenment
1751
1772
French thinkers
Diderot
D'Alembert
28 volumes
Newspapers
first in Spain
1758
Diario noticioso, curioso, erudito, comercial y político.
Gatherings
word by mouth
coffe houses
taverns
salons
nobility and upper middle class
philosophers
writers
discussions
Reading societies
first public libraries
replaced books of religion by
arts
philosophy
literatures
academies
lectures
scientific books
literary works
practical works
studies
expeditions
projects
dictionaries
supported by monarchs
Paris
St. Petersburg
Berlin
WOMEN IN THE ENLIGHTENMENT
Marie-Thérèse Rodet
attended the literary salons of Paris
exchange of ideas
started her own salon
guests
D'Alembert
Benjamin Franklin
Diderot
Voltaire
Montesquieu
Suzanne Curchod
Gustav III of Sweden
Emilie du Châtelet
mathematician, physicist and writer
translated Newton's work
in French
disseminated ideas
María Gaetana Agnesi
teacher, linguistic and mathematician
taught at the university if Bologna
published books and calculus
used for theaching
Mary Wollstonecraft
one of the first feminists
worked as translator
writings on women's right
tales
short stories
treatise
