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THE ENLIGHTENMENT: THE CULTURE OF OPTIMISM, power, image, image, image,…
THE ENLIGHTENMENT: THE CULTURE OF OPTIMISM
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT
optimistic intellectual movement's ideas
Progress
development of knowledge
Happiness
individual right
Reason
human rationality, could illuminate the darkness and errors
brought together the ideas of the main movements of the previous centuries
humanism
empiricism
rationalism
new intellectual movement
18th century
of the educated elites
MOST IMPORTANT THINKERS
VOLTAIRE
criticised
structure of the Church
religious fanaticism
wealthy, middle-class property owner
advocate of freedom of religion
in favour of enlightened despotism, fought
judicial reforms
civil rights
ROUSSEAU
he supported democracy
propose a model of society
sovereignty in hands of the people
not of the king
middle-class background
MONTESQUIEU
criticised absolute monarchies
proposed a moderate monarchy
French magistrate
separation of
executive
legislative
judicial
THE EVOLUTION OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT
radical critique of political and social system
couldn't achieve the triumph of
reason
progress
happiness
thinkers began to make changes
importance on education and pedagogy
want to limit it to basic knowledge
led to scientific and technical innovations
most important knowledge for the intellectual elites
reformist movement
defend aims through reforms
THE SPREAD OF ENLIGHTENMENT IDEAS
newspapers published daily, weekly and Sundays
first Spanish newspaper: Diario noticioso, curioso, erudito, comercial y político
not spread in churches, families and guilds
by word of mouth
Encyclopédie
160 contributors, 72,000 articles and 28 volumes
published between 1751 and 1772
most important book of the Enlightenment
organised alphabetically
Reading societies were established
number of books published increased
printed in the press and in books
academies
practical work was carried out
scientific and literary works were read
supported by monarchs, implement government reforms
WOMEN IN THE ENLIGHTENMENT
Science, literature and art
women began to work in "men's" professions
made important contributions
important women
MARÍA GAETANA AGNESI (1718–1799)
spoke several languages
teacher, linguist and mathematician
published books on calculus
MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT (1759–1797)
wrote tales and short stories on women’s rights
A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792)
translator, writer
ÉMILIE DU CHÂTELET (1706–1749)
translated Newton's theories into French
mathematician, physicist and writer
Salons: Marie-Thérèse Rodet
attended literary salons of Paris
started her own salon
women experienced
inequality
subordination
power
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OIHANE TXARROALDE 24, 4.E
