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THE ENLIGHTENMENT THE CULTURE OF OPTIMISM, image, image, image, image,…
THE ENLIGHTENMENT THE CULTURE OF OPTIMISM
Characteristics of the enlightenment
optimistic intellectual movement of the 18th century
started in France
spread trough Europe
it put together the ideas of other philosophical movements
humanism, empiricism and rationalism
main ideas
individual
experience
to overcome problems
reason
Liberty
Equality
Hapinnes
was an individual right
Education
Reason/rationality/logic
science no supperstition
challenge all religious beliefs
progress
development of knowledge
Evolution of enlightenment
importance of education and pedagogy
ensure education is provided to people
only basics
First regulated primary education for boys and girls
in Prussia
scientific and technical innovations
some thinker wanted major changes
Voltaire
he wanted a Parliamentary Monarchy
his ideas
wanted religious freedome
Enlightened dospotism
mantain monarchy but civilrights+juditial reform
against religious fanaticism
Rousseau
he wanted a Republic
popular sovereingty
people have the right to vote
Montesquieu
he wanted a Republic or Parlamentary Monarchy
Separation of Power
legislative
make laws
juditial
make sure that laws are oveyed
executive
power to rule
Spread of the ideas
encyclopédie (by Diderot)
summarise the knowledge of the era
organised alphabetically
salons
meetings of middle and high class people
to discuse ideas of the moment
reading societies
first public libraries
indreased the amount of published books
books on science, arts, philosophy and literature
academies
lectures to discuse
practical works
studies supported by monarchs
academies of sciences in
Paris (France)
St. Petersburg (Russia)
Berlin (Prussia)
Women in the enlightenment
MARIE-THÉRÈSE RODET
started her own salon
some of her guests
D’Alembert
Diderot
Benjamin Franklin
Montesquieu
Voltaire
science, literature and art
ÉMILIE DU CHÂTELET
mathematician, physicist and writer
helped to translate theories of Newtont into French
worked with Voltaire
MARÍA GAETANA AGNESI
teacher, linguist and mathematician
published books on calculus
were used in teaching for a long time
taught at the University of Bologna
MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT
first women to become known as a feminist
working as a translator
wrote
short stories
an important treatise on women’s rights
A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792).
tales
