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THE ENLIGHTENMENT: THE CULTURE OF OPTIMISM - Coggle Diagram
THE ENLIGHTENMENT: THE CULTURE OF OPTIMISM
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT
The scientific and intellectual advances that took place during the European Modern Age were not accepted by everybody.
Society in the 16th to 18th centuries was still largely illiterate.
Optimistic intellectual movement
Reason was understood as human rationality that could illuminate the darkness and society’s errors.
Progress was thought of as the development of knowledge so that civilisation could control nature and create well-being and wealth.
Happiness was considered an individual right and a societal aspiration that leaders were obligated to provide.
Immanuel Kant
Kant was a Prussian philosopher born in the modern Russian city of Kaliningrad.
1724-1804
In his essay Answering the Question: What is Enlightenment? he answers the question in the first sentence of the essay: ‘Enlightenment is man’s emergence from his self-incurred immaturity.
The evolution of enlightnment
The Enlightenment was mostly a reformist movement; it defended its aims through reforms of politics, society, the economy and culture.
In turn, the Enlightenment led to different scientific and technical innovations.
They placed a lot of importance on education and pedagogy.
Montesquieu
1689-1755
He proposed a moderate monarchy with separation of the executive, legislative and judicial powers.
Voltaire
1694-1778
He was in favour of enlightened despotism, he fought for civil rights and judicial reform.
Rousseau
1712-1778
He proposed a model of society where sovereignty was in the hands of the people and not of the king.
John Locke
1632-1704
He was the first to defend the existence of three individual rights common to all people: the right to life, liberty and property.
Encyclopedie
A total of 160 contributors wrote the 72,000 articles that made up the 28 volumes of the Encyclopédie.
The articles were complemented by pictures illustrating the content.
The first Spanish newspaper was Diario, published in 1758.
Reading societies were established.
Scientists and intellectuals gathered in academies.
The Spanish-French geodesic mission
Between 1735 and 1744, the French Academy of Sciences in Paris organised an expedition to Quito, in the Viceroyalty of Peru, to measure the length of a degree of latitude at the Equator.
Spanish scientists Jorge Juan y Santacilia and Antonio de Ulloa took part in the expedition. Another group travelled to Lapland, in the Arctic Circle, to take the same measurement. The scientists proved that the Earth was flatter at the poles.
Women in the enlightenment
SALONS: MARIE-THÉRÈSE RODET
The Enlightenment promoted the exchange of ideas for the progress of knowledge. From an early age, Marie-Thérèse Rodet (1699–1777) attended the literary salons of Paris. Eventually, Marie-Thérèse Rodet became famous for starting her own salon.
SCIENCE, LITERATURE AND ART
As well as organising salons, more and more women began to work in professions previously only worked in by men. They therefore became visible in activities previously denied to them. Women made important scientific and cultural contributions during the Age of Enlightenment.
THE ENLIGHTENMENT IN SPAIN
Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos
New educational institutions
Sociedades economicas de amigos del pais
Academies
THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION OF THE 18TH CENTURY
Agricultural innovations
Continuous crop rotation
Crops that replenished the soil
Fallow
Products from the Americas were grown
Mechanisation of agricultural work
Changes in the laws
Land ownership
PARLIAMENTARIANISM AND ENLIGHTENED DESPOTISM
Absolutism and parlamentarinism
Absolute monarchies
Louis XIV
1643-1715
Parliamentary monarchies
Bill of Rights
Parliamentary republican political systems
United provinces
Enlightened despotism
Variant of absolutism
Enlightenment ideas
Aditional reforms
Politic reforms
Regalist reforms
Economic reforms
Gallicanism
Catherine "The great"
1729-1796
07 ART IN THE 18TH CENTURY: FROM BAROQUE TO NEOCLASSICAL
Barroque and Rococo
Barroque art
Barroque style
Painting
Architecture
Sculpture
Neoclassicism
Sculpture
Architecture
Painting
THE BOURBON REFORMS AND THEIR LIMITS
The war of succesion and its consequences
Felipe of Bourbon
Carlos of Habsburg
Political reforms
Felipe V
1683-1746
The bourbons palaces
Foreing policy
Family compacts
Bourbon monarchs in the 18th century
Fernando VI (1746-1759)
Carlos III (1759-1788)
Felipe V (1724-1746)
Carlos IV (1788-1808)
Luis I (1724)
Felipe V (1700-1724)
THE BOURBON REFORMS AND THEIR LIMITS
THE WAR OF SUCCESSION AND ITS CONSEQUENCES
When Carlos II of Habsburg died without children, there were two pretenders to the throne: the emperor’s son Carlos of Habsburg, archduke of Austria, and Prince Felipe of Bourbon, grandson of Louis XIV of France. Carlos II chose the Bourbon prince as his heir
Several kingdoms within the Hague Alliance declared war on France and on Felipe V, causing an international war to break out in 1701
The European war ended with the signing of the Peace of Utrecht in 1713
POLITICAL REFORMS
FELIPE V
To ensure that decisions made in the royal court were effective in the monarchy’s territories, Felipe V needed the support of the elites
1683-1746
THE BOURBONS PALACES
The Spanish Bourbons wished to demonstrate an image of power, so they ordered the construction or restoration of palaces, one of which, La Granja de San Ildefonso, is based on the classical design of the Palace of Versailles
FOREIGN POLICY
Spanish kings to ally themselves with France in what are known as ‘Family Compacts’, and to take part in the Seven Years’ War (1756–1763). When the war ended, the Treaty of Paris confirmed British hegemony in the world, and Spain had to cede Florida to Great Britain; in exchange it received Louisiana from France.
Bourbon monarchs in the 18th century
Felipe V
1724-1746
He returned to the throne on the death of his first-born son (Luis I) in the same year as his abdication, and reigned until his own death.
Fernando VI
1746-1759
He had no children, so on his death he was succeeded by one of his stepbrothers, Carlos III.
Luis I
He was on the throne for just over six months due to his early death. He was succeeded by his own father, Felipe V.
1724
Carlos III
1759-1788
He was crowned in 1759 after abdicating as king of Naples and Sicily. He is the main example of enlightened despotism in Spain.
Felipe V
1700-1724
He had to win in the War of Succession to take the throne. He abdicated in favour of his son Luis in 1724.
Carlos IV
1788-1808
His reign began in 1788 and saw the transitional period between two eras. He ruled until 1808, when he was forced to abdicate.