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THE ENLIGHTENMENT: THE CULTURE OF OPTIMISM - Coggle Diagram
THE ENLIGHTENMENT: THE CULTURE OF OPTIMISM
CHARACTERISTICS
Enlightenment was an
Intellectual movement of the 18th century
Enlightment thinkers were
Noblemen
Bourgeoisie
Clergymen
European phenomenon (France main epicenter)
It brought ideas of previous centuries...
Like humanism, empiricism & rationalism
Expressed hope (optimistic) through
Reason
Human rationality
Illuminate darkness and society' errors
Way to overcome biased notions & religious dogmas
It led thinkers to challenge all religious beliefs
Progress
The development of knowledge
Civilisation could -->
Control nature
Create well-being and wealth
Happiness
Individual right
Societal aspiration that leaders had to provide
THE EVOLUTION
Reformist movement
Defended its aims through
Politic reforms, society, economy & culture
Enlightenment thinkers were monarchists
But supported reforming monarchies for
Individual rights
Moderate kings absolute power
More
radical critique of political/social system
Enlightenment thinkers understood that
Were insufficient to achive
The triumph of lights
Progress
Happiness
Education
and
pedagogy
Wanted to limit it to
basic
knowledge
Reserving
most important
knowledge for
intellectual elites
Led to
scientific & technical innovations
Church had absolutism lose part of power
More criticall intellectual attitude
Encouraged some improvements
Like progress in literacy
3 thinkers that were
Intellectual link united Enlightenment with mayor chages
Montsquieu (1689-1755)
French magistrate that
Criticised absolute monarchies
Proposed a moderate monarchy
With separation of the powers
Executive, legislative and judicial
Rousseau (1712-1778)
A middle-class background
Proposed a model of society
Sovereignty in hand of people NOT of kings
Belived society should be guided by
The general will by sovereign people
He supported DEMOCRACY
Voltaire (1694-1778)
Wealthy, middle-class property owner
Criticised
Religious fanaticism
Structure of the Church
Advocate of freedom of religion
In favour of enlightened despotism
But he fought for
Civil rights
Judicial reform
THE SPREAD OF IDEAS
Enlightenment ideas printed in the
press/books
Most important book ->
Encyclopédie
Edited by French Enlightenment thinkers
Published between 1751-1772
Topic/ideas organised alphabetically
25.000 people subscribed to it
Newspapers
Published daily, weekly & on Sundays
First Spanish newspaper published in 1758
By word of mouth in
gatherings
Nobility and upper middle class
Salons known by the name of who organised
Guests enjoyed conversation with
Well-known philosophers/writers
Reading societies
established
First public libraries
Books could be borrowed
Number of books increased
Religion books replaced by books of
Science, arts, philosophy and literature
Academies
Scientist/intellectuals gathered in them
Lecuteres given, scientific/literary works read
They also did practical work
Studies supported by monarchs
Interested in implementing government reforms
Monarchs created academies such as
Academies of science in Paris
St. Petersburg in Russia
Berlin in Prussia
WOMEN IN THE ENLIGHTENMENT
They experienced inequality & subordination
Wealthy ones protested about their situation
They tried to improve it using
Enlightenment ideas of progress & reasoning
SALONS
Exchange of ideas for progress in knowledge was promoted
Marie-Thérèse Rodet
Attended literary salons in Paris
Became famous for starting her own salon
SCIENCE, LITERATURE and ART
Women began to work in professions
Previously only worked by men
Became visible in activities
Made important scientific & cultural contributions
Important women
Émilie Du Châtelet
Methematician, physicist & writer
Helped translating theories of Newton into French
She met and worked with Voltaire
María Gaetana Agnesi
Spoke several languages
Plublished books on calculus
Taught at the University of Bolonga
Mary Wollstonecraft
Frist women known as feminist
Work as a translator, wrote tales & short stories
Important treatise on women's rights
