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(reliability/ validity, the interactionist approach, biological…

- - - - 7 diagnosed with sz, 1 with manic depression
      - all diagnosed with sz in remission when they left the hospital
      - heard voices
        
        unclear, unfamiliar
        
        "thud, hollow, empty" (THE)
        
        same sex as conf
    - - confs stayed 19 days average
      - no staff detected lies, 35 patients did
    - - low validity/ reliability of diagnostic criteria
        
        doctors didn't know the confs faked it
        
        normal behaviour treated as abnormal to support diagnosis
- - - - family studies (Gottesman)
      - twin studies (Gottesman et al.)
      - adoption studies (Heston)
    - - polygenetic
      - candidate genes (Miyakawa et al., Sherrington et al)
  - - - too much dopamine activity in the subcortex = too many signals
      - excess dopamine receptors in brocas area (responsible for speech) could cause auditory hallucinations/ speech poverty
    - - high density/ sensitivity of dopamine receptors
      - prefrontal cortex responsible for decision making. hypodopaminergia causes neurons to fire too easily/ often, creating excessive dopamine in the synapses.
  - - - enlarged ventricles
- - - - grandeur, prosecution, control
- - - - cold, dominant, overprotective, rejecting
      - confuses child
    - - contradictory covert/ overt communication
      - confuses child
      - incoherent understanding of reality
      - speech poverty, hallucinations, delusions
    - - consistent family hostility
      - delusions
      - high EE = relapse
  - - - poor ability to learn/ process visual + auditory info/ understand other people's behaviour
      - auditory hallucinations, disorganised speech, delusions
    - - faulty/ unrealistic beliefs. limited evidence.
      - delusions, auditory hallucinations
    - - metarepresentation
        
        knowing what we want to accomplish through our behaviours
        
        poor MR = your actions aren't your own
        
        auditory hallucinations, delusions of control
      - central control
        
        supress automatic responses to stimuli
        
        disorganised speech
      - error in information processing = undesirable consequences
- - - - dissociate (split) dopamine
- - - - cause of sz
    - - cognitive techniques
        
        distracting from intrusive thoughts (decrease/ increase social activity)
        
        challenging intrusive thoughts
        
        relaxation techniques (meditation)
  - - - reduce EE
        
        reduced chances of relapse
      - improve tolerance levels
      - decrease guilt for family illness
      - teach family to care for eachother
      - anticipate problems, learn how to solve them