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Exam 1 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Earliest evdence 3.5 bya
      - Plant Life
      - Living cell uniforms
      - Tree of life
        
        Archea
        
        Eukarya
        
        Bacteria
      - Geological strata
      - isotopes carbons
    - - Condition
        
        Early condition
        
        Ammonia and methane are abundant
        
        Chemosynthetic hypothesis
        
        Stanely Miller 1953
        
        Peptide nucleic acid
        
        Can direct the formation of RNA complement
        
        RNA world
        
        RNA was rich information molecules
- - - - Early organism to make own sugar is carbon dioxide
      - Activation of energy
      - Energy storage
    - - Earliest branches = Hyperthermophilic prokaryotes
      - Energy from inorganic minerals used to drive metabolism
      - NADH=electron carrier
      - ATP= create high energy bond
    - - 2 ATP produce
      - the electron during glycolysis is NADH
      - connects with aerobic respiration
- - - - Primary cell wall
        
        Composed primarily of
        
        Cellulose→𝛃-glucose
        
        Hemicellulose
        
        Pectin
      - Beta glucose
        
        Monosaccharide
      - Cellulose microfibril
        
        Made up of glucose monomers
      - Cellulose similarities
        
        Chitin
        
        keratin
    - - Structure
        
        outer membrane
        
        inner membrane
        
        matrix
      - Plant plastid
    - - All cell membrane contains phospholipids
    - - Origin of eukaryotic cells 2.7 Bya
    - - this theory explained about the chloroplast
      - double membrane mitochondria
      - small ribosome of chloroplast
- - - - Major steps
        
        Glycolysis
        
        Start with glucose (C6)
        
        Ends with pyruvate (C3)
        
        2 net ATP
        
        2 NADH
        
        Pyruvate and NADH move into mitochondria
        
        Pyruvate oxidation
        
        attached to CoA releases a carbon dioxide molecule and forms NADH
        
        Citric acid cycle
        
        Products for each glucose
        
        8(4x2) NADH (with pyruvate oxidation)
        
        2(1x2) FADH2
        
        2(1x2) ATP
        
        Substrate level phosphorylation
        
        Oxidative phosphorylation :the players
        
        Electron Transport Chain
        
        electron transporters embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane that shuttles electrons from NADH and FADH2 to molecular oxygen.
        
        Builds up the proton motive force
        
        Regenerates electron carriers
        
        Mitochondrial ETC consists of 4 large protein complexes
        
        NAD
        
        FAD
        
        Oxidative phosphorylation :the process
        
        Enzymes responsible for making ATP is ATP synthase
        
        Final electron acceptor during OP is Oxygen