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Hon Bio: Unit 1 - Coggle Diagram
Hon Bio: Unit 1
Water Chemistry
Water is necessary for life.
H20 (water molecule) = 2 slightly postive hydrogen atoms + 1 slightly positive oxygen atom
Cohesion: attraction btw. 2 like things such as 2 water molecules
Water has the highest cohesion of any non-metallic liquid
Adhesion: attraction btw. 2 different substances such as water and glass
Capillary Action: water can defy gravity
Why does ice float?
Because water is more dense in solid form as it expands.
High Specific Heat: water resists changing its temperature.
Hydrophilic: substances that dissolve in water (sugar, salt)
Hydrophobic: non-polar substances that don’t dissolve in water
Water is an universal solvent
Solvent: substance present in greatest amount
Solute: substance present in lesser amounts
Solution: uniform mixture of molecules of 2 or more subtances
Ampipathic: Molecules have BOTH polar and nonpolar regions
Ex. phospholipids (polar head/nonpolar tails)
Has a phosphate tails that likes water and a lipid tail that avoids water.
Carbon
4th most abundant element in the world.
Found in nearly every molecule in a living organism.
Main ingredient in organic molecules
Versatile: has 4 electrons in its outer shell & can form 4 bonds (can bond with up to 4 atoms, including itself)
Pattern Maker: can form a variety of molecules
There are nearly 10 million carbon-based compounds in living things
Scientific Variables
Independent Variable: deliberately changed/manipulated in experiments [x].
Dependent Varible: responds/depends on the independent variable [y].
Controlled Variable/Constant: variable that stays the same between both the control and experimental group
Control Group: does not receive independent variable; used for comparison
Experimental Group: group being tested on, receives independent variable
Particles of Matter
Proton: subatomic particle found in nucleus of every atom (positive)
Electron: subatomic particle which is in constant motion in the space surrounding the nucleus (negative)
Neutrons: subatomic particles with no charge found in the nucleus.
Atom: basic unit of matter; defines elements.
Ion: atoms that have either a positive or negative charge
Molecule: made of one or more atoms bonded together, arranged to form a substance
Polar Molecules: the distribution of electrons btw. covalently bonded atoms is uneven. (like H20)
Non Polar Molecules: electrons are shared equally (like carbon)
Polarity: how different the electrical poles of a molecule area.
Characteristics of Life
Growth: increase in cell size before reproduction (single celled); increase in organism’s size as the number of cells making up the cell increases (multicellular).
Reproduction: process of producing new organism.
Homeostatis: organisms maintain a stable internal balance, despite external environmental changes.
Sense & Respond to Stimuli: organisms reacting and responding to their environment.
Obtain & Use Energy: using input of energy to power an organism’s activites.
C.E.Rs
Evidence: data based on observations/numerical data which you generated or analyze
Reasoning: explanation for the data’s results, and why it proves your claim.
Claim: statement that answers a question in the experiment.
Chemical Bonds
Covalent Bonds: occur when 2 atoms share an electron; form the strongest bond in chemistry.
Eg = H20 a.k.a water molecule (covalent bond btw. Hydrogen atoms which have 1 electron that they share with oxygen which has 2 electrons it can share
Ionic Bonds: form when electrons are transferred from one atom to another; losing or gaining an electron makes an atom more stable; ionic bonds usually occur btw. oppositely charged atoms [not as strong as covalent bonds, but still pretty strong]
Hydrogen Bonds: occur btw. the slightly positive hydrogen molecule and the slightly negative atom in another or the same molecule; weak but also responsible for water’s properties.
Scientific Method
Observation: fact-based, observed with 5 senses
Qualitative: descriptions that cannot be numerically defined
Quantitative: numerial/measurements/amounts
Inference: assumptions/conclusions based on observations
Ethics/Moral Philosophy
Ethics: moral standards or right or wrong that define one’s actions
Ethical Decison Making
Ends based solution: choose what is good for the greatest number
Rules based solution: choose a solution that follows a law or religious rule
Care based solution: choose a solution that follows the “Golden Rule”
Chemistry Basics
Matter: anything that has mass and takes up space; composed of elements
Elements: substances that cannot be broken down by chemical means into smaller substances
C,H,N,O,P,S = make up 98% of living things (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosporous, sulphur)
Atomic Number: # of protons or electrons in an element.
Element Symbol: abbreviated version of element name (1-2 letters)
Element Name: full name of element (not usually listed)
Atomic Weight: average weight of element
Periodic Table of Elements: arranges all known elements in an informative array; elements are arranged from left to right & top to bottom in increasing atomic number, and generally coinciding with increasing mass.