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EXAM 1 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - early floating, living world
      - fuse, share genomes, and metabolic abilities
    - - containing information
      - limited # of metabolic reactions
      - able to divide
      - able to interact
      - able to fuse
    - - dry and wet cycles
      - DNA and lipids
      - suggest spontaneously formed
    - - phospholipid bilayer
      - micelle
      - some organisms=protective wall
      - embedded proteins
        
        facilitate metabolism
        
        receptors for function such as identity
  - - - outer membrane
      - inner membrane
        
        folded areas
        
        cristae
        
        location of oxidative phosphorylation
      - matrix
        
        internal solution
        
        location of CAC
  - - - typically green
      - used for photosynthesis
      - characteristics
        
        outer membrane
        
        inner membrane
        
        grana
        
        stack of thylakoids
        
        reactions w/ proteins w/in thylakoid
        
        stromal reactions w/in aqueous stroma
    - - precursors of chloroplasts
    - - coloured plastids
        
        for pigment synthesis
        
        storage
    - - colourless plastids
        
        monoterpene synthesis
    - - starch storage
    - - fat storage
    - - storing protein
      - modifying protein
    - - mainly from egg parent
      - gymnosperms from sperm parent
  - - - additional protection
      - turgor pressure along central vacuole
      - composed of
        
        cellulose
        
        beta-glucose
        
        hemicellulose
        
        pectin
      - partial flexibility
        
        growth
    - - monosaccharide
      - change in hydroxyl group @ C1
        
        distinguishes from alpha-glucose
        
        biological activity
      - building block of cellulose
    - - glucose monomers
      - beta 1,4 glucose bonds
      - dehydration synthesis
      - hydrogen bonds
        
        make cellulose strong
      - few organisms able to break/digest cellulose
      - fiber in our diets
    - - chitin
        
        insect exoskeleton
      - keratin
        
        hair
        
        fingernails
  - - - evidence 2.7 bya
      - geologically stable biomarker
    - - continuous, connected membrane
      - multiple organelles
        
        plasma membrane
        
        golgi body
        
        endoplasmic reticulum
        
        nuclear envelope
    - - microfilaments
        
        vesicle movement near membrane
        
        actin
      - intermediate filaments
        
        more permanent
        
        fix things in place
        
        dimers
        
        tetramers
      - microtubules
        
        long-range movement of transport vesicles
        
        alpha & beta tubulin
  - - - ancestral prokaryote
      - eats
        
        does not digest aerobic bacterium
      - over time, symbiosis becomes interdependence
      - eukaryote eats cyanobacterium
      - over time, becomes interdependent
      - exchanges DNA
    - - circular DNA
      - similar size to bacteria
      - self-replicate binary fission
      - only made from pre-existing ones
      - ribosomes similar in size to bacteria
      - double membrane
- - - - often extreme environment
    - - nicotanimide adenin dinucleotide
        
        electron carrier
        
        move back and forth
        
        oxidation-reduction
        
        move electrons around in cell
        
        strong reducing agent
    - - through electron transport chain
        
        primarily generates ATP
        
        circulation of electrons
        
        circulation of protons
        
        synthesis of ATP
    - - adding phosphate group to ADP
      - high-energy bond
      - primary energy courier
      - photophosphorylation
        
        light-driven electron flow for ATP
  - - - cyclic
        
        pathway that produces pyruvate
        
        widespread metabolic pathway
        
        converts 6-carbon sugar glucose
        
        series of 10 reactions
        
        makes 3-carbon sugar pyruvate
        
        during conversion
        
        energy stored
        
        2 ATP per glucose
        
        reducing equivalents formed
        
        2 NADH per glucose
        
        Major Steps
        
        Uses up 2 ATP
        
        produces 4 ATP
        
        Begins with glucose (C6) as substrate (reactant)
        
        ends with pyruvate (C3) as product
        
        final product
        
        pyruvate
        
        fermentation
        
        NADH recycled to NAD+
        
        leads to lactic acid
        
        leads to ethanol
        
        aerobic respiration
        
        eukaryotes #
        
        evolved under low oxygen
        
        arose 1.8 bya
        
        1.3 billion years in anaerobic conditions
      - most ancient
  - - - energy required to drive the creation of sugars
      - chemosynthesizers use oxidation of energy-rich inorganic molecules
      - plants use sunlight
      - glycolysis requires 2 ATP
    - - alpha glucose
        
        energy storage
      - beta glucose
        
        structure
    - - amylose
        
        alpha 1,4 bonds
        
        angular
      - amylopectin
        
        alpha 1,6 bonds
        
        linear
  - - - pyrite
        
        yield energy
        
        yield chemical reducing power (hydrogen)
    - - forms organic compounds on pyrite surface
  - - - most die in presence of O2
- - - - 3.5 billion years ago
        
        LUCA
        
        Last Universal Common Ancestor
        
        stromatolite like structures
        
        microbial mats
        
        isotopic signature
        
        suggests photosynthesis
      - Plant evolution
        
        first identifiable algae
        
        1.6 billion years ago
        
        first land plants
        
        600 million years ago
        
        seed plants
        
        350 million years ago
        
        flowering plants
        
        150 million years ago
        
        familiar features emerged
        
        origin of photosynthesis
        
        plant cell
        
        transition to land
        
        diversity
      - punctuated equilibrium
        
        phyletic gradualism
        
        speciation slow, uniform, and gradual
        
        anagenesis
        
        transformation of a species to new one
        
        no clear line of demarcation
        
        punctuated equilibrium
        
        clear points of change
        
        rapid speciation
        
        between long periods of little or no change
      - isotopes, carbon
        
        99% C12
        
        C14 decays
        
        so not generally used to time
        
        C13 discriminated against
        
        by photosynthesis
        
        C12
        
        living organisms enriched compared to environment
        
        evidence of photosynthesis
    - - multicellular photosynthetic organisms
    - - common core of molecular features
      - life's principal energy currency
        
        ATP
      - RNA
        
        common genetic code
        
        DNA
      - molecular machinery for transcribing DNA to RNA
      - machinery to translate RNA messages to proteins
        
        structure
        
        regulation
    - - nested design
        
        taxonomic groupings
      - evolutionary divergence from common ancestors
        
        influence from natural selection
    - - based on similarity of ribosomes
        
        RNA + proteins
      - history of microbial life
    - - gives clues of descent
      - fossils
      - biological molecules
      - environmental isotopes
        
        evidence for photosynthesis
  - - - chemical reactions
      - possibly ammonia and methane
        
        most abundant
    - - Stanley Miller
        
        1953
      - gases thought to relevant to early atmosphere
      - later experiments
        
        reducing atmosphere necessary
        
        absence of oxygen
    - - simple to form by physical processes
      - able to lay evolutionary groundwork for living cells
      - self-replicating
      - direct synthesis of other compounds
      - trajectory independent
        
        physical processes
      - synthesize molecules
        
        needed for growth
      - chemical/solar energy
        
        to fuel workings
    - - early conditions not quite right
        
        to leap into RNA
      - PNA can direct formation of RNA complement
      - RNA could have replaced it as a precursor
    - - RNA information-rich molecule
      - form by self organization
      - catalyze own replication
      - maturied life
        
        evolution has division of labor
        
        DNA
        
        more stable library
        
        Proteins
        
        catalytic functions
    - - simple beginnings
        
        based on naturally occurring molecules
      - biological freedom from physical processes
        
        biosynthetic pathways evolved
      - complex biochemistry
        
        shaped by
        
        natural selection
        
        gene duplication
        
        lateral transfer
- - - - Pyruvate Oxidation
        
        electrons stripped from pyruvate
        
        given to NAD+
        
        carbon dioxide broken off
        
        C3 -> C2
        
        acetyl coenzyme A
      - Citric Acid Cycle
        
        steps of cycle
      - glycolysis #
        
        start w/ glucose
        
        C6
        
        ends w/ pyruvate
        
        C3
        
        2 net ATP
        
        2 NADH
        
        pyruvate and NADH move into mitochodria
    - - the players
        
        nicotinamide adinine dinucleotide
        
        NAD
        
        NAD+ oxidizing agent
        
        accepting electrons
        
        NADH = reduced form
        
        can give up electrons
        
        stronger proton motive force than FADH2
        
        can be converted to NADP
        
        vitamin niacin helps to build
        
        flavin adenine dinucleotide
        
        FAD
        
        strong oxidizing agen
        
        reduced to FADH2
        
        weaker proton motive force than NADH
        
        vitamin B2
        
        riboflavin base for construction
        
        chemiosmotic
        
        electrochemical gradient
        
        proton motive force
        
        trapped protons
        
        battery
        
        down concentration gradient
        
        special protein complex
        
        ATP synthase
        
        3 more items...
        
        drive synthesis of ATP
        
        ETC
        
        electron transport chain
        
        builds up proton motive force
        
        regenerates electron carriers
        
        mitochondrial ETC
        
        4 large protein complexes
      - the process
        
        major steps
        
        electrons dropped by NADH & FADH2
        
        electrons pass through ETC
        
        protons pumped across
        
        oxygen = final electron acceptor
        
        chemiosmotic electrochemical gradient
        
        runs ATP synthase
        
        driving production of ATP
- - - - loss
    - - gain