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Validity and Reliability - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Split half method
        
        If a psychological test contains several items, these can be split so that they are divided randomly or by odd or even numbers, into two sets each making up half of the test
        
        If the test is reliable then subjects’ scores on each half should be similar
        
        The extent of similarity is assessed using correlation
      - Inter rater reliability
        
        This refers to the consistency of a researcher’s behaviour
        
        A researcher should produce similar test results or make similar observations or carry out interviews in the same way on more that one occasion
        
        Participants are tested once at Time 1 and then again at Time 2 and then the results are compared
    - - Test retest
        
        This measures whether a psychological measure is consistent from one testing occasion to the next. Therefore, it measures external reliability
- - - - Face Validity - How good the research looks to be at testing what is meant to be testing
        
        o The most basic type of validity and Is based on subjective opinion
        
        A test may be specified as valid because on the face it seems to be valid, however there isn’t an in depth scientific justification
        
        Example – questionnaire that analyses psychopathy can be assessed as valid because each individual question may seem to be addressing specific and relevant aspects of psychopathic behaviour
      - Concurrent Validity - Where a test or piece of research gives the same results as another test or study, which claims to measure the same behaviour
        
        For example – if a study gave the same result as a previous study then the study would have high concurrent validity
      - Construct Validity - where a test or study measures the actual behaviour it sets out to measure
      - Criterion Validity - this refers to how much one measure predicts the value of another measure
        
        This type of validity can include concurrent validity and predictive validity
    - - Ecological Validity - refers to how like real life a piece of research is
        
        For example, if the setting is in a lab then the study has low ecological validty as we don’t live our lives in controlled environments
      - Population Validity - how accurately the study measures behaviour in the general population
        
        For example – a study may have been carried out on a group of people from only one city or one country and not be an accurate measure of behaviour in other cities and therefore may lack population validity.