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Research Design - Coggle Diagram
Research Design
Popular research designs
Experimental studies are those that are intended to test cause-effect relationships
(hypotheses) in a tightly controlled setting by separating the cause from the effect in time, administrating the cause to one group of subjects "the treatment" group but not to another group "control group".
In a true experimental design, subjects must be randomly
assigned between each group
If random assignment is not followed, then the design becomes
quasi-experimental.
Field surveys are non-experimental designs that do not control for or manipulate independent variables or treatments, but measure these variables and test their effects using
statistical methods.
In cross-sectional field surveys, independent and dependent variables are measured at the same point in time
longitudinal field surveys, dependent variables are measured at a later point in time than the
independent variables.
Secondary data analysis is an analysis of data that has previously been collected and
tabulated by other sources.
Case research is an in-depth investigation of a problem in one or more real-life settings
(case sites) over an extended period of time.
Generalizability can be improved by
replicating and comparing the analysis in other case sites in a multiple case design.
Focus group research is a type of research that involves bringing in a small group of
subjects (typically 6 to 10 people) at one location, nd having them discuss a phenomenon of
interest for a period of 1.5 to 2 hours.
Action research assumes that complex social phenomena are best understood by introducing interventions by "actions" into those phenomena and observing effects of those actions.
Ethnography is an interpretive research design inspired by anthropology that
emphasizes that research phenomenon must be studied within the context of its culture.
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It is a "blue print" for empirical research aimed at answering specific research questions or testing specific hypotheses, and must specify at least three processes
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the instrument development process,
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Positivist methods, such as laboratory experiments and survey research, are aimed at theory (or hypotheses) testing while interpretive methods, such as
action research and ethnography, are aimed at theory building.
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interpretive methods employ an inductive approach that starts with data and tries to derive a theory about the phenomenon of interest from the observed
data.
External validity or generalizability refers to whether the observed associations can be generalized from the sample to the population (population validity), or to other people,
organizations, contexts, or time (ecological validity).
Construct validity examines how well a given measurement scale is measuring the
theoretical construct that it is expected to measure.
Statistical conclusion validity examines the extent to which conclusions derived using
a statistical procedure is valid.