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Biomolecules - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Determines unique character of amino acid
      - Attached to polypeptide backbone
    - - Ex: nonpolar R group, hydrophobic amino acids
  - - - Linear chain of amino acids
      - Determined by inherited genetic information
    - - The coils and folds resulting from hydrogen bonds between oxygen and hydrogen atoms in polypeptide backbone
      - α helix: coil held together by hydrogen bonding between every 4th amino acid
      - β pleated sheet: 2 or more segments of the polypeptide chain are connected by hydrogen bonds
    - - The 3D shape stabilized by interactions between R groups
      - Hydrophobic interaction; amino acids with hydrophobic R groups cluster together at the core of the protein
      - Disulfide bridges (covalent bonds) can reinforce shape of the protein
    - - The association of multiple polypeptides; some proteins have two or more polypeptide chains cluster together into one functional macromolecule
- - - - Has long carbon skeleton
      - C—H bonds hydrogens chains makes fat hydrophobic
      - Saturated fatty acid
        
        Has no double bonds between carbon atoms
        
        Many hydrogen atoms are bonded to carbon skeleton; structure considered saturated with hydrogens
        
        Saturated fat
        
        Lack of double bonds; flexibility allows fat molecules to pack together tightly
        
        Solid at temperature
      - Unsaturated fatty acid
        
        Has one or more double bonds
        
        Have cis double bonds, creates kink in hydrocarbon chain
        
        Unsaturated fat
        
        Kinks at locations of cis double bonds prevent molecules from packing closely enough to solidify
        
        oil (liquid) at room temperature
        
        Trans fats
        
        Unsaturated fats with trans double bonds
  - - - When added to water or at surface of cell, phospholipids assemble into bilayer, which shields hydrophobic tails from water
  - - - Common component of animal cells membranes
      - Precursor from which other steroids are synthesized
- - - - Organisms store glycogen, a stored form of glucose
      - Plants store starch, a stored form of glucose
      - Organisms store sugar for later use
    - - Cellulose
        
        Component in creating tough walls that enclose plant cells
        
        Polymer of glucose
        
        Parallel cellulose molecules hold together are grouped into units called microfibrils; unbranched structure gives strength to plants
      - Chitin
        
        Used by arthropods to build exoskeletons
        
        Used in fungi as building material for cell walls
  - - - Disaccharides (2 monosaccharides joined together)
- - - - Responsible for gene expression
      - Genetic material organisms inherit from parents
      - The sugar is deoxyribose
      - 2 polynucleotides that form a double helix
        
        Antiparallel; the sugar-phosphate backbones run in opposite 5' —> 3' directions from each other
        
        The 2 strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between paired bases
        
        Complementary
    - - mRNA
        
        Carries genetic instructions for building proteins from nucleus to cytoplasm
      - tRNA
        
        Brings amino acids to ribosome during the synthesis of a polypeptide
      - The sugar is ribose
      - Exist as single strands
      - Adenine pairs with uracil; thymine isn't present
    - - 5' end: one end of the polymer has a phosphate attached to a 5' carbon
      - 3' end: other end of the polymer has a hydroxyl group attached to a 3' carbon
  - - - Portion without any phosphate group is a nucleoside
      - The pyrimidines are cytosine, thymine, and uracil
        
        Thymine is found only in DNA; uracil is found in only RnA
      - The purines are adenine and guanine
      - Adenine pairs with thymine; guanine pairs with cytosine