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Drainage System of India, Lakes, Peninsular Rivers, Himalayan Rivers -…
Drainage System of India
River system of an area is called drainage. The area drained by a river is called drainage basin. The uplifted land separating two drainage basins is called water divide. A river along with its tributaries is called river system.
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River pollution
domestic, municipal, industrial, agricultural demand growing
More demand for water, rivers drained, reducing volume of water in rivers
Sewage and industrial effluents sent into rivers, affects the self-cleansing capacity of river
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Lakes
Most lakes are permanent; some of them contain water only during the rainy season (lakes in the basins of inland drainage of semi-arid regions)
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Spits and bars from lagoons in coastall areas: Chilika lake, Pulicat lake, Kolleru lake
Lakes in the region on inland drainage are sometimes seasonal: Sambhar lake in Rajasthan (Salt water lake)
Most freshwater lakes in the Himalayan region. Glacial origin (formed when glaciers dug out a basin, which was filled with snowmelt)
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Some lakes formed due to tectonic activity: Wular lake in Jammu and kashmir, largest freshwater lake in India
Dal lake, Bhimtal, Nainital, Loktak and Barapani are some freshwater lakes
Damming of rivers for the generation of hydel power has also led to the formation of lakes: Guru Gobind Sagar
Uses:
Help to regulate the flow of a river (during heavy rains, it prevents flooding and during dry season, helps to maintain the flow of water
Also help in generating hydel power
Moderate the climate of the surroundings: maintain the ecosystem, enhance natural beauty, develop tourism and provide recreation
Peninsular Rivers
Godavari Basin
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Rises from slopes of Western Ghats in Nasik, Maharashtra
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Covers parts of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh
Tributaries: Purna, Wardha, Pranhita, Manjra, Wainganga, Penganga
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Tapi Basin
Rises in Satpura ranges, Betul district of Madhya Pradesh
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Madhya Pradesh, Gujrat and Maharashtra
Coastal plains between Western Ghats and Arabian Sea are narrow, coastal rivers are short
Main west flowing rivers are Sabarmati, Mahi, Bharathpuzha Periyar
Kaveri Basin
Brahmagri range, Western ghats
Reaches Bay of Bengal in south of Cuddalore, Tamil Nadu
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Tributaries: Amravati, Bhavani, Hemavati, Kabini
Covers Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu
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Mahanadi Basin
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Through Odisha, reaches Bay of Bengal
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Chattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha, Maharashtra
Krishna Basin
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1400 km, reaches Bay of Bengal
Tributaries are Tungabhadra, Koyana, Ghatprabha, Musi, Bhima
Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh
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Smaller RIvers flowing towards the East: Damod, Brahamani, Baitrani, Subarnarekha
Himalayan Rivers
Indus
Rises in Tibet, near lake Mansarovar
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Zaskar, Nubra, Hunza and Shyok join in Kashmir
Flows through Baltistan, Gilgit and emerges at Attock
Satluj, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, Jhelum join it near Mithankot in Pakistan
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Flows southward, eventually reaching Arabian Sea, east of Karachi
A little over a third is located in India; in the states of J&K, Himachal Pradesh, and Punjab; rest is in Pakistan
Ganga
Headwaters called the Bhagirathi are fed by the Gangotri Glacier, joined by the Alaknanda at Devprayag in Uttarakhand.
At Haridwar, it emerges from the mountains into the plains.
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Plains from Ambala to Sunderban stretch over nearly 1800 km, but the fall in slope is only 300 m. Thus, there is a fall of just one metre every 6 km.
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Brahmaputra
Rises in Tibet, east of Mansarovar lake, very close to the sources of Indus and Satluj.
Slightly longer than Indus, most of its course lies outside India
Flows eastward parallel to himalayas and takes a U turn at Namcha Barwa and enters Arunachal Pradesh through a gorge
Called Dihang at Arunachal Pradesh; joined by the Dibang, the Lohit and other tributaries and is called Brahmaputra in Assaam.
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Forms riverine islands, like Majuli
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Long courses. Perennial. Emerge from the Himalayan (north) mountains, receiving water from the melted snow.
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Meanders, ox-bow lakes, deltas at their mouths, in their medium and lower courses
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