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Approaches Revision - Coggle Diagram
Approaches Revision
Psychodynamic approach
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Psychosexual stages
Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital
All occur at different times during childhood, each stage represents the focus of pleasure/ interest on a different part of the body. Each stage is associated with an unconscious conflict, if these are not resolved than a fixation takes place
Oedipus complex
Boys develop a desire for their mother, see their father as rivals, scared their father will castrate them (castration anxiety), eventually realise their father is more powerful than them, complex is resolved by taking on their fathers identity
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Biological approach
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Research methods
Twin studies: MZ 100% identical DNA DZ 50% DNA. If MZ twins have a higher concordance rate than DZ then it shows its genetic
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Genotype: unique genetic make up, strongly influences behaviour
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Natural Selection: Our genetics have been passed down through natural selection, these characteristics are adaptive, and the ones that aren't die out. Biologists explain that this is the reason our behaviour has adpdated and changed over time, not due to any other factos simply that our genes have adpated
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Nature
Developing OCD is because of genetics and low serotonin levels, something you are born with not something that is developed
Cognitive approach
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Machine reductionsim: belief that human functions are the result of 'units' of activity. The cognigitve approach creates theoreticlal models that reduce complex cognitive processes down to how a compputer works overlooking unieuqe emotional factors
Based of Inference: make claims and conclusions based off of inference, meaning making assumptions about complex internal mental processes based on their observable behaviour, but we cannot be certain about these inferences as we cannot directly observe someone's thoughts
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Humans are active processors of information, study internal mental processes
Inference: make assumptions about internal mental processes based on observable behaviour or a measurable outcome
Schema: our behaviour is shaped by internal mental schema, thse provide a mental frameowrk for our behaviour
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Social Learning Theory
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Emphasis is on observing other people's behaviour and the consequences of their behaviour and then deciding to imitate these behaviours
Identification: High status, desirable traits or similarity they will identify with this person
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Mediational processses: ARRM, Attention, Retention, Reproduction, Motivation
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Limitations
Underestimates biological factors: does not take any innately driven behaviour into account e.g. agressive behaviour may be imitated but boys were more aggressive than girls, the biological approach would explain this as boys have more testosterone but SLT fails to consider this
Relies on evidence from lab studies: Bandura showed that this behaviour could be demonstrated in a lab but it is difficult to show cause and effect of this in real life. May be valid but there is little real world evidence of this being demonstrated
Strengths
Explanatory Power: the central claim of SLT is that behaviour is learnt through observing, this can be used to explain many phenommena such as why there is a correlation between violent media and agressive behaviour
Origins of Psychology
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Introspection: examines own conscious mind, strictly controlled environment, this was the first scientific attempt to look at internal mental processes
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Behavioural approach
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Key Studies
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Operant Conditioning
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Skinner's Box of rtas
rats in a box, light went green and rat would accidentally press lever, if light was green rats would be given food, if light was red rats would be shocked. Rats learnt to only press the lever when green
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Nurture
phobias are learnt through the environment using classical conditioning and maintained through operant
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