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Emotional - Coggle Diagram
Emotional
Attachment
- Definition: strong affectional ties with special people
- Reciprocal relationships
- Synchronised interactions important
Phases1. Asocial (0-6w): respond favourably to all stimuli
- Indiscriminate (6w-6/7m): prefer social stimuli, protest when put down
- Specific (7-9m): protest when separated from one person -> use as secure base to explore
- Multiple (9-18m): attached to many
Theories
- Psychoanalytic: feeding (Freud) & responsiveness (Erikson) important
- Learning: positive response for caregiver (smiles) + caregiver is secondary reinforcer
- BUT feeding NOT => attachment (Harlow's monkeys)
- Responsiveness + stimulation => attachment
- Cognitive-Dev: requires discrimination (b/n strangers/familiar), object permanence
- Ethological: innate tendencies for survival - cuteness/smiles, but require participants responding; infants active participants
Fears of Intimacy
- Stranger anxiety (8-10m peak): wary of unfamiliar person; after 1st attachment
- Separation anxiety (6-8m start, 14-18m peak): wary when separated from attachment figure
- Ethological: programmed to fear strange face / situation
- Cognitive-dev: strange face / situation doesn't fit 'stable schemes' - can't explain
Attachment Quality
- Secure: welcomes contact, use as secure base
- Resistant: separation protest, resist contact
- Avoidant: no separation protest, avoid/ignore caregiver
- Disorganised/disoriented: dazed on reunion, seek + avoid caregiver
- Meaning & outcomes of 'secure' attachment differs by culture
- Secure attachment to both parents - best for development
Assessment
- Mary Ainsworth Strange Situation: 8 episodes - secure base, separation & stranger, reunion; 1-2yo in lab
- Attachment Q-set (AQS): Observer (parent or trained) sorts 90 descriptors; preschool in natural environment
- Adult Attachment Inventory: Quality of past & current relationships
Caregiving hypothesis
Attachment depends on type of caregiving - Ainsworth
- Sensitive, positive attitude, synchrony, mutuality, support, stimulation -> secure
- Inconsistent -> resistant
- Unresponsive/negative OR overzealous -> avoidant
- Neglect / abuse -> disorganised
Risk factors for insensitive caregiving
- Depression
- Neglected / abused as children
- Unwanted children
- Health / legal / financial problems
- Unhappy marriage
Temperament hypothesis
Matches infant temperament (not attachment quality) - Kagan
- BUT children have diff attachments to diff people; maternal does impact, twins similar
Caregiving + Temperament
- Caregiving predicts secure/insecure (supports goodness of fit)
- Positive / responsive => secure
- BUT temperament => type of insecure
(fearful -> resistant, fearless -> avoidant)
Later Development
- Secure => better outcomes
- Attachments stable over time
Internal Working Models
Cognitive models of self & others - used to interpret & form expectations about relationships
- Others: sensitive/responsive vs unresponsive/neglectful/abusive
- Self: elicit attention when they need it - responsive vs ignored
Child
- + self, + other: secure attachment, self-confident, secure relationships
- - self, + other: resistant, preoccupied with bonds
- + self, - other: avoidant, dismissing of bonds
- - self, - other: disorganised/disoriented - fearful in relationships
Adult
- Predicts child's working model
- Positive model -> more responsive + more pleasure
- Long lasting, but can change
Temperament
Definition: constitutionally based differences - 6 dimensions
- Fearful distress: to new situations/stimuli
- Irritable distress: frustration/anger when desires thwarted
- Positive affect: sociability - smiling/laughing, approach/cooperate
- Activity level: gross motor
- Attention span / persistence: focus on object/event
- Rhythmicity: bodily functions (eat/sleep/bowel)
- Depends on biological maturation
Influences
- Hereditary: moderate influence (twin studies)
- Environmental
** Home environment = positive
** Non-shared = negative
- Cultural: outcomes depend on culture
Stability = moderate
- Genetically stable aspects can be modified by environment, e.g. behavioural inhibition
Profiles
- Easy (40%): even, positive, open, regular
- Difficult (10%): active, irritable, slow to adapt (intense) irregular
- Slow-to-warm-up (15%), inactive, irritable, slow to adapt (mild)
Can change if good fit with parenting style
e.g. difficult:
- Patient / sensitive / demanding carers -> not difficult later
- Irritable / impatient / punitive -> difficult later
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Recognise / Interpret
Social referencing: use info about others' reactions to regulate behaviour
- Begins 7-10m
- Use parents & others
- 1st year - copy; 2nd year - assess accuracy of own judgement
- Relies on cognitive dev & social experiences (family conversations)
- 4-5y: infer others' emotions
- 8y: situations elicit diff responses from diff people
- 6-9y: experience >1 emotion; integrate many cues
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